// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // Package jpeg implements a JPEG image decoder and encoder. // // JPEG is defined in ITU-T T.81: http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf. package jpeg import ( "image" "image/color" "image/internal/imageutil" "io" ) // TODO(nigeltao): fix up the doc comment style so that sentences start with // the name of the type or function that they annotate. // A FormatError reports that the input is not a valid JPEG. type FormatError string func (e FormatError) Error() string { return "invalid JPEG format: " + string(e) } // An UnsupportedError reports that the input uses a valid but unimplemented JPEG feature. type UnsupportedError string func (e UnsupportedError) Error() string { return "unsupported JPEG feature: " + string(e) } var errUnsupportedSubsamplingRatio = UnsupportedError("luma/chroma subsampling ratio") // Component specification, specified in section B.2.2. type component struct { h int // Horizontal sampling factor. v int // Vertical sampling factor. c uint8 // Component identifier. tq uint8 // Quantization table destination selector. } const ( dcTable = 0 acTable = 1 maxTc = 1 maxTh = 3 maxTq = 3 maxComponents = 4 ) const ( sof0Marker = 0xc0 // Start Of Frame (Baseline Sequential). sof1Marker = 0xc1 // Start Of Frame (Extended Sequential). sof2Marker = 0xc2 // Start Of Frame (Progressive). dhtMarker = 0xc4 // Define Huffman Table. rst0Marker = 0xd0 // ReSTart (0). rst7Marker = 0xd7 // ReSTart (7). soiMarker = 0xd8 // Start Of Image. eoiMarker = 0xd9 // End Of Image. sosMarker = 0xda // Start Of Scan. dqtMarker = 0xdb // Define Quantization Table. driMarker = 0xdd // Define Restart Interval. comMarker = 0xfe // COMment. // "APPlication specific" markers aren't part of the JPEG spec per se, // but in practice, their use is described at // http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/JPEG.html app0Marker = 0xe0 app14Marker = 0xee app15Marker = 0xef ) // See http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/JPEG.html#Adobe const ( adobeTransformUnknown = 0 adobeTransformYCbCr = 1 adobeTransformYCbCrK = 2 ) // unzig maps from the zig-zag ordering to the natural ordering. For example, // unzig[3] is the column and row of the fourth element in zig-zag order. The // value is 16, which means first column (16%8 == 0) and third row (16/8 == 2). var unzig = [blockSize]int{ 0, 1, 8, 16, 9, 2, 3, 10, 17, 24, 32, 25, 18, 11, 4, 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40, 48, 41, 34, 27, 20, 13, 6, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 57, 50, 43, 36, 29, 22, 15, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 58, 59, 52, 45, 38, 31, 39, 46, 53, 60, 61, 54, 47, 55, 62, 63, } // Deprecated: Reader is deprecated. type Reader interface { io.ByteReader io.Reader } // bits holds the unprocessed bits that have been taken from the byte-stream. // The n least significant bits of a form the unread bits, to be read in MSB to // LSB order. type bits struct { a uint32 // accumulator. m uint32 // mask. m==1<<(n-1) when n>0, with m==0 when n==0. n int32 // the number of unread bits in a. } type decoder struct { r io.Reader bits bits // bytes is a byte buffer, similar to a bufio.Reader, except that it // has to be able to unread more than 1 byte, due to byte stuffing. // Byte stuffing is specified in section F.1.2.3. bytes struct { // buf[i:j] are the buffered bytes read from the underlying // io.Reader that haven't yet been passed further on. buf [4096]byte i, j int // nUnreadable is the number of bytes to back up i after // overshooting. It can be 0, 1 or 2. nUnreadable int } width, height int img1 *image.Gray img3 *image.YCbCr blackPix []byte blackStride int ri int // Restart Interval. nComp int // As per section 4.5, there are four modes of operation (selected by the // SOF? markers): sequential DCT, progressive DCT, lossless and // hierarchical, although this implementation does not support the latter // two non-DCT modes. Sequential DCT is further split into baseline and // extended, as per section 4.11. baseline bool progressive bool jfif bool adobeTransformValid bool adobeTransform uint8 eobRun uint16 // End-of-Band run, specified in section G.1.2.2. comp [maxComponents]component progCoeffs [maxComponents][]block // Saved state between progressive-mode scans. huff [maxTc + 1][maxTh + 1]huffman quant [maxTq + 1]block // Quantization tables, in zig-zag order. tmp [2 * blockSize]byte } // fill fills up the d.bytes.buf buffer from the underlying io.Reader. It // should only be called when there are no unread bytes in d.bytes. func (d *decoder) fill() error { if d.bytes.i != d.bytes.j { panic("jpeg: fill called when unread bytes exist") } // Move the last 2 bytes to the start of the buffer, in case we need // to call unreadByteStuffedByte. if d.bytes.j > 2 { d.bytes.buf[0] = d.bytes.buf[d.bytes.j-2] d.bytes.buf[1] = d.bytes.buf[d.bytes.j-1] d.bytes.i, d.bytes.j = 2, 2 } // Fill in the rest of the buffer. n, err := d.r.Read(d.bytes.buf[d.bytes.j:]) d.bytes.j += n if n > 0 { err = nil } return err } // unreadByteStuffedByte undoes the most recent readByteStuffedByte call, // giving a byte of data back from d.bits to d.bytes. The Huffman look-up table // requires at least 8 bits for look-up, which means that Huffman decoding can // sometimes overshoot and read one or two too many bytes. Two-byte overshoot // can happen when expecting to read a 0xff 0x00 byte-stuffed byte. func (d *decoder) unreadByteStuffedByte() { d.bytes.i -= d.bytes.nUnreadable d.bytes.nUnreadable = 0 if d.bits.n >= 8 { d.bits.a >>= 8 d.bits.n -= 8 d.bits.m >>= 8 } } // readByte returns the next byte, whether buffered or not buffered. It does // not care about byte stuffing. func (d *decoder) readByte() (x byte, err error) { for d.bytes.i == d.bytes.j { if err = d.fill(); err != nil { return 0, err } } x = d.bytes.buf[d.bytes.i] d.bytes.i++ d.bytes.nUnreadable = 0 return x, nil } // errMissingFF00 means that readByteStuffedByte encountered an 0xff byte (a // marker byte) that wasn't the expected byte-stuffed sequence 0xff, 0x00. var errMissingFF00 = FormatError("missing 0xff00 sequence") // readByteStuffedByte is like readByte but is for byte-stuffed Huffman data. func (d *decoder) readByteStuffedByte() (x byte, err error) { // Take the fast path if d.bytes.buf contains at least two bytes. if d.bytes.i+2 <= d.bytes.j { x = d.bytes.buf[d.bytes.i] d.bytes.i++ d.bytes.nUnreadable = 1 if x != 0xff { return x, err } if d.bytes.buf[d.bytes.i] != 0x00 { return 0, errMissingFF00 } d.bytes.i++ d.bytes.nUnreadable = 2 return 0xff, nil } d.bytes.nUnreadable = 0 x, err = d.readByte() if err != nil { return 0, err } d.bytes.nUnreadable = 1 if x != 0xff { return x, nil } x, err = d.readByte() if err != nil { return 0, err } d.bytes.nUnreadable = 2 if x != 0x00 { return 0, errMissingFF00 } return 0xff, nil } // readFull reads exactly len(p) bytes into p. It does not care about byte // stuffing. func (d *decoder) readFull(p []byte) error { // Unread the overshot bytes, if any. if d.bytes.nUnreadable != 0 { if d.bits.n >= 8 { d.unreadByteStuffedByte() } d.bytes.nUnreadable = 0 } for { n := copy(p, d.bytes.buf[d.bytes.i:d.bytes.j]) p = p[n:] d.bytes.i += n if len(p) == 0 { break } if err := d.fill(); err != nil { if err == io.EOF { err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF } return err } } return nil } // ignore ignores the next n bytes. func (d *decoder) ignore(n int) error { // Unread the overshot bytes, if any. if d.bytes.nUnreadable != 0 { if d.bits.n >= 8 { d.unreadByteStuffedByte() } d.bytes.nUnreadable = 0 } for { m := d.bytes.j - d.bytes.i if m > n { m = n } d.bytes.i += m n -= m if n == 0 { break } if err := d.fill(); err != nil { if err == io.EOF { err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF } return err } } return nil } // Specified in section B.2.2. func (d *decoder) processSOF(n int) error { if d.nComp != 0 { return FormatError("multiple SOF markers") } switch n { case 6 + 3*1: // Grayscale image. d.nComp = 1 case 6 + 3*3: // YCbCr or RGB image. d.nComp = 3 case 6 + 3*4: // YCbCrK or CMYK image. d.nComp = 4 default: return UnsupportedError("number of components") } if err := d.readFull(d.tmp[:n]); err != nil { return err } // We only support 8-bit precision. if d.tmp[0] != 8 { return UnsupportedError("precision") } d.height = int(d.tmp[1])<<8 + int(d.tmp[2]) d.width = int(d.tmp[3])<<8 + int(d.tmp[4]) if int(d.tmp[5]) != d.nComp { return FormatError("SOF has wrong length") } for i := 0; i < d.nComp; i++ { d.comp[i].c = d.tmp[6+3*i] // Section B.2.2 states that "the value of C_i shall be different from // the values of C_1 through C_(i-1)". for j := 0; j < i; j++ { if d.comp[i].c == d.comp[j].c { return FormatError("repeated component identifier") } } d.comp[i].tq = d.tmp[8+3*i] if d.comp[i].tq > maxTq { return FormatError("bad Tq value") } hv := d.tmp[7+3*i] h, v := int(hv>>4), int(hv&0x0f) if h < 1 || 4 < h || v < 1 || 4 < v { return FormatError("luma/chroma subsampling ratio") } if h == 3 || v == 3 { return errUnsupportedSubsamplingRatio } switch d.nComp { case 1: // If a JPEG image has only one component, section A.2 says "this data // is non-interleaved by definition" and section A.2.2 says "[in this // case...] the order of data units within a scan shall be left-to-right // and top-to-bottom... regardless of the values of H_1 and V_1". Section // 4.8.2 also says "[for non-interleaved data], the MCU is defined to be // one data unit". Similarly, section A.1.1 explains that it is the ratio // of H_i to max_j(H_j) that matters, and similarly for V. For grayscale // images, H_1 is the maximum H_j for all components j, so that ratio is // always 1. The component's (h, v) is effectively always (1, 1): even if // the nominal (h, v) is (2, 1), a 20x5 image is encoded in three 8x8 // MCUs, not two 16x8 MCUs. h, v = 1, 1 case 3: // For YCbCr images, we only support 4:4:4, 4:4:0, 4:2:2, 4:2:0, // 4:1:1 or 4:1:0 chroma subsampling ratios. This implies that the // (h, v) values for the Y component are either (1, 1), (1, 2), // (2, 1), (2, 2), (4, 1) or (4, 2), and the Y component's values // must be a multiple of the Cb and Cr component's values. We also // assume that the two chroma components have the same subsampling // ratio. switch i { case 0: // Y. // We have already verified, above, that h and v are both // either 1, 2 or 4, so invalid (h, v) combinations are those // with v == 4. if v == 4 { return errUnsupportedSubsamplingRatio } case 1: // Cb. if d.comp[0].h%h != 0 || d.comp[0].v%v != 0 { return errUnsupportedSubsamplingRatio } case 2: // Cr. if d.comp[1].h != h || d.comp[1].v != v { return errUnsupportedSubsamplingRatio } } case 4: // For 4-component images (either CMYK or YCbCrK), we only support two // hv vectors: [0x11 0x11 0x11 0x11] and [0x22 0x11 0x11 0x22]. // Theoretically, 4-component JPEG images could mix and match hv values // but in practice, those two combinations are the only ones in use, // and it simplifies the applyBlack code below if we can assume that: // - for CMYK, the C and K channels have full samples, and if the M // and Y channels subsample, they subsample both horizontally and // vertically. // - for YCbCrK, the Y and K channels have full samples. switch i { case 0: if hv != 0x11 && hv != 0x22 { return errUnsupportedSubsamplingRatio } case 1, 2: if hv != 0x11 { return errUnsupportedSubsamplingRatio } case 3: if d.comp[0].h != h || d.comp[0].v != v { return errUnsupportedSubsamplingRatio } } } d.comp[i].h = h d.comp[i].v = v } return nil } // Specified in section B.2.4.1. func (d *decoder) processDQT(n int) error { loop: for n > 0 { n-- x, err := d.readByte() if err != nil { return err } tq := x & 0x0f if tq > maxTq { return FormatError("bad Tq value") } switch x >> 4 { default: return FormatError("bad Pq value") case 0: if n < blockSize { break loop } n -= blockSize if err := d.readFull(d.tmp[:blockSize]); err != nil { return err } for i := range d.quant[tq] { d.quant[tq][i] = int32(d.tmp[i]) } case 1: if n < 2*blockSize { break loop } n -= 2 * blockSize if err := d.readFull(d.tmp[:2*blockSize]); err != nil { return err } for i := range d.quant[tq] { d.quant[tq][i] = int32(d.tmp[2*i])<<8 | int32(d.tmp[2*i+1]) } } } if n != 0 { return FormatError("DQT has wrong length") } return nil } // Specified in section B.2.4.4. func (d *decoder) processDRI(n int) error { if n != 2 { return FormatError("DRI has wrong length") } if err := d.readFull(d.tmp[:2]); err != nil { return err } d.ri = int(d.tmp[0])<<8 + int(d.tmp[1]) return nil } func (d *decoder) processApp0Marker(n int) error { if n < 5 { return d.ignore(n) } if err := d.readFull(d.tmp[:5]); err != nil { return err } n -= 5 d.jfif = d.tmp[0] == 'J' && d.tmp[1] == 'F' && d.tmp[2] == 'I' && d.tmp[3] == 'F' && d.tmp[4] == '\x00' if n > 0 { return d.ignore(n) } return nil } func (d *decoder) processApp14Marker(n int) error { if n < 12 { return d.ignore(n) } if err := d.readFull(d.tmp[:12]); err != nil { return err } n -= 12 if d.tmp[0] == 'A' && d.tmp[1] == 'd' && d.tmp[2] == 'o' && d.tmp[3] == 'b' && d.tmp[4] == 'e' { d.adobeTransformValid = true d.adobeTransform = d.tmp[11] } if n > 0 { return d.ignore(n) } return nil } // decode reads a JPEG image from r and returns it as an image.Image. func (d *decoder) decode(r io.Reader, configOnly bool) (image.Image, error) { d.r = r // Check for the Start Of Image marker. if err := d.readFull(d.tmp[:2]); err != nil { return nil, err } if d.tmp[0] != 0xff || d.tmp[1] != soiMarker { return nil, FormatError("missing SOI marker") } // Process the remaining segments until the End Of Image marker. for { err := d.readFull(d.tmp[:2]) if err != nil { return nil, err } for d.tmp[0] != 0xff { // Strictly speaking, this is a format error. However, libjpeg is // liberal in what it accepts. As of version 9, next_marker in // jdmarker.c treats this as a warning (JWRN_EXTRANEOUS_DATA) and // continues to decode the stream. Even before next_marker sees // extraneous data, jpeg_fill_bit_buffer in jdhuff.c reads as many // bytes as it can, possibly past the end of a scan's data. It // effectively puts back any markers that it overscanned (e.g. an // "\xff\xd9" EOI marker), but it does not put back non-marker data, // and thus it can silently ignore a small number of extraneous // non-marker bytes before next_marker has a chance to see them (and // print a warning). // // We are therefore also liberal in what we accept. Extraneous data // is silently ignored. // // This is similar to, but not exactly the same as, the restart // mechanism within a scan (the RST[0-7] markers). // // Note that extraneous 0xff bytes in e.g. SOS data are escaped as // "\xff\x00", and so are detected a little further down below. d.tmp[0] = d.tmp[1] d.tmp[1], err = d.readByte() if err != nil { return nil, err } } marker := d.tmp[1] if marker == 0 { // Treat "\xff\x00" as extraneous data. continue } for marker == 0xff { // Section B.1.1.2 says, "Any marker may optionally be preceded by any // number of fill bytes, which are bytes assigned code X'FF'". marker, err = d.readByte() if err != nil { return nil, err } } if marker == eoiMarker { // End Of Image. break } if rst0Marker <= marker && marker <= rst7Marker { // Figures B.2 and B.16 of the specification suggest that restart markers should // only occur between Entropy Coded Segments and not after the final ECS. // However, some encoders may generate incorrect JPEGs with a final restart // marker. That restart marker will be seen here instead of inside the processSOS // method, and is ignored as a harmless error. Restart markers have no extra data, // so we check for this before we read the 16-bit length of the segment. continue } // Read the 16-bit length of the segment. The value includes the 2 bytes for the // length itself, so we subtract 2 to get the number of remaining bytes. if err = d.readFull(d.tmp[:2]); err != nil { return nil, err } n := int(d.tmp[0])<<8 + int(d.tmp[1]) - 2 if n < 0 { return nil, FormatError("short segment length") } switch marker { case sof0Marker, sof1Marker, sof2Marker: d.baseline = marker == sof0Marker d.progressive = marker == sof2Marker err = d.processSOF(n) if configOnly && d.jfif { return nil, err } case dhtMarker: if configOnly { err = d.ignore(n) } else { err = d.processDHT(n) } case dqtMarker: if configOnly { err = d.ignore(n) } else { err = d.processDQT(n) } case sosMarker: if configOnly { return nil, nil } err = d.processSOS(n) case driMarker: if configOnly { err = d.ignore(n) } else { err = d.processDRI(n) } case app0Marker: err = d.processApp0Marker(n) case app14Marker: err = d.processApp14Marker(n) default: if app0Marker <= marker && marker <= app15Marker || marker == comMarker { err = d.ignore(n) } else if marker < 0xc0 { // See Table B.1 "Marker code assignments". err = FormatError("unknown marker") } else { err = UnsupportedError("unknown marker") } } if err != nil { return nil, err } } if d.progressive { if err := d.reconstructProgressiveImage(); err != nil { return nil, err } } if d.img1 != nil { return d.img1, nil } if d.img3 != nil { if d.blackPix != nil { return d.applyBlack() } else if d.isRGB() { return d.convertToRGB() } return d.img3, nil } return nil, FormatError("missing SOS marker") } // applyBlack combines d.img3 and d.blackPix into a CMYK image. The formula // used depends on whether the JPEG image is stored as CMYK or YCbCrK, // indicated by the APP14 (Adobe) metadata. // // Adobe CMYK JPEG images are inverted, where 255 means no ink instead of full // ink, so we apply "v = 255 - v" at various points. Note that a double // inversion is a no-op, so inversions might be implicit in the code below. func (d *decoder) applyBlack() (image.Image, error) { if !d.adobeTransformValid { return nil, UnsupportedError("unknown color model: 4-component JPEG doesn't have Adobe APP14 metadata") } // If the 4-component JPEG image isn't explicitly marked as "Unknown (RGB // or CMYK)" as per // http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/JPEG.html#Adobe // we assume that it is YCbCrK. This matches libjpeg's jdapimin.c. if d.adobeTransform != adobeTransformUnknown { // Convert the YCbCr part of the YCbCrK to RGB, invert the RGB to get // CMY, and patch in the original K. The RGB to CMY inversion cancels // out the 'Adobe inversion' described in the applyBlack doc comment // above, so in practice, only the fourth channel (black) is inverted. bounds := d.img3.Bounds() img := image.NewRGBA(bounds) imageutil.DrawYCbCr(img, bounds, d.img3, bounds.Min) for iBase, y := 0, bounds.Min.Y; y < bounds.Max.Y; iBase, y = iBase+img.Stride, y+1 { for i, x := iBase+3, bounds.Min.X; x < bounds.Max.X; i, x = i+4, x+1 { img.Pix[i] = 255 - d.blackPix[(y-bounds.Min.Y)*d.blackStride+(x-bounds.Min.X)] } } return &image.CMYK{ Pix: img.Pix, Stride: img.Stride, Rect: img.Rect, }, nil } // The first three channels (cyan, magenta, yellow) of the CMYK // were decoded into d.img3, but each channel was decoded into a separate // []byte slice, and some channels may be subsampled. We interleave the // separate channels into an image.CMYK's single []byte slice containing 4 // contiguous bytes per pixel. bounds := d.img3.Bounds() img := image.NewCMYK(bounds) translations := [4]struct { src []byte stride int }{ {d.img3.Y, d.img3.YStride}, {d.img3.Cb, d.img3.CStride}, {d.img3.Cr, d.img3.CStride}, {d.blackPix, d.blackStride}, } for t, translation := range translations { subsample := d.comp[t].h != d.comp[0].h || d.comp[t].v != d.comp[0].v for iBase, y := 0, bounds.Min.Y; y < bounds.Max.Y; iBase, y = iBase+img.Stride, y+1 { sy := y - bounds.Min.Y if subsample { sy /= 2 } for i, x := iBase+t, bounds.Min.X; x < bounds.Max.X; i, x = i+4, x+1 { sx := x - bounds.Min.X if subsample { sx /= 2 } img.Pix[i] = 255 - translation.src[sy*translation.stride+sx] } } } return img, nil } func (d *decoder) isRGB() bool { if d.jfif { return false } if d.adobeTransformValid && d.adobeTransform == adobeTransformUnknown { // http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/JPEG.html#Adobe // says that 0 means Unknown (and in practice RGB) and 1 means YCbCr. return true } return d.comp[0].c == 'R' && d.comp[1].c == 'G' && d.comp[2].c == 'B' } func (d *decoder) convertToRGB() (image.Image, error) { cScale := d.comp[0].h / d.comp[1].h bounds := d.img3.Bounds() img := image.NewRGBA(bounds) for y := bounds.Min.Y; y < bounds.Max.Y; y++ { po := img.PixOffset(bounds.Min.X, y) yo := d.img3.YOffset(bounds.Min.X, y) co := d.img3.COffset(bounds.Min.X, y) for i, iMax := 0, bounds.Max.X-bounds.Min.X; i < iMax; i++ { img.Pix[po+4*i+0] = d.img3.Y[yo+i] img.Pix[po+4*i+1] = d.img3.Cb[co+i/cScale] img.Pix[po+4*i+2] = d.img3.Cr[co+i/cScale] img.Pix[po+4*i+3] = 255 } } return img, nil } // Decode reads a JPEG image from r and returns it as an image.Image. func Decode(r io.Reader) (image.Image, error) { var d decoder return d.decode(r, false) } // DecodeConfig returns the color model and dimensions of a JPEG image without // decoding the entire image. func DecodeConfig(r io.Reader) (image.Config, error) { var d decoder if _, err := d.decode(r, true); err != nil { return image.Config{}, err } switch d.nComp { case 1: return image.Config{ ColorModel: color.GrayModel, Width: d.width, Height: d.height, }, nil case 3: cm := color.YCbCrModel if d.isRGB() { cm = color.RGBAModel } return image.Config{ ColorModel: cm, Width: d.width, Height: d.height, }, nil case 4: return image.Config{ ColorModel: color.CMYKModel, Width: d.width, Height: d.height, }, nil } return image.Config{}, FormatError("missing SOF marker") } func init() { image.RegisterFormat("jpeg", "\xff\xd8", Decode, DecodeConfig) }