//===- llvm/Analysis/LoopInfoImpl.h - Natural Loop Calculator ---*- C++ -*-===// // // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure // // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // // This is the generic implementation of LoopInfo used for both Loops and // MachineLoops. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// #ifndef LLVM_ANALYSIS_LOOPINFOIMPL_H #define LLVM_ANALYSIS_LOOPINFOIMPL_H #include "llvm/ADT/DepthFirstIterator.h" #include "llvm/ADT/PostOrderIterator.h" #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h" #include "llvm/ADT/SetVector.h" #include "llvm/Analysis/LoopInfo.h" #include "llvm/IR/Dominators.h" namespace llvm { //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // APIs for simple analysis of the loop. See header notes. /// getExitingBlocks - Return all blocks inside the loop that have successors /// outside of the loop. These are the blocks _inside of the current loop_ /// which branch out. The returned list is always unique. /// template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getExitingBlocks( SmallVectorImpl<BlockT *> &ExitingBlocks) const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); for (const auto BB : blocks()) for (const auto &Succ : children<BlockT *>(BB)) if (!contains(Succ)) { // Not in current loop? It must be an exit block. ExitingBlocks.push_back(BB); break; } } /// getExitingBlock - If getExitingBlocks would return exactly one block, /// return that block. Otherwise return null. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> BlockT *LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getExitingBlock() const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); SmallVector<BlockT *, 8> ExitingBlocks; getExitingBlocks(ExitingBlocks); if (ExitingBlocks.size() == 1) return ExitingBlocks[0]; return nullptr; } /// getExitBlocks - Return all of the successor blocks of this loop. These /// are the blocks _outside of the current loop_ which are branched to. /// template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getExitBlocks( SmallVectorImpl<BlockT *> &ExitBlocks) const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); for (const auto BB : blocks()) for (const auto &Succ : children<BlockT *>(BB)) if (!contains(Succ)) // Not in current loop? It must be an exit block. ExitBlocks.push_back(Succ); } /// getExitBlock - If getExitBlocks would return exactly one block, /// return that block. Otherwise return null. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> BlockT *LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getExitBlock() const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); SmallVector<BlockT *, 8> ExitBlocks; getExitBlocks(ExitBlocks); if (ExitBlocks.size() == 1) return ExitBlocks[0]; return nullptr; } /// getExitEdges - Return all pairs of (_inside_block_,_outside_block_). template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getExitEdges( SmallVectorImpl<Edge> &ExitEdges) const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); for (const auto BB : blocks()) for (const auto &Succ : children<BlockT *>(BB)) if (!contains(Succ)) // Not in current loop? It must be an exit block. ExitEdges.emplace_back(BB, Succ); } /// getLoopPreheader - If there is a preheader for this loop, return it. A /// loop has a preheader if there is only one edge to the header of the loop /// from outside of the loop and it is legal to hoist instructions into the /// predecessor. If this is the case, the block branching to the header of the /// loop is the preheader node. /// /// This method returns null if there is no preheader for the loop. /// template <class BlockT, class LoopT> BlockT *LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getLoopPreheader() const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); // Keep track of nodes outside the loop branching to the header... BlockT *Out = getLoopPredecessor(); if (!Out) return nullptr; // Make sure we are allowed to hoist instructions into the predecessor. if (!Out->isLegalToHoistInto()) return nullptr; // Make sure there is only one exit out of the preheader. typedef GraphTraits<BlockT *> BlockTraits; typename BlockTraits::ChildIteratorType SI = BlockTraits::child_begin(Out); ++SI; if (SI != BlockTraits::child_end(Out)) return nullptr; // Multiple exits from the block, must not be a preheader. // The predecessor has exactly one successor, so it is a preheader. return Out; } /// getLoopPredecessor - If the given loop's header has exactly one unique /// predecessor outside the loop, return it. Otherwise return null. /// This is less strict that the loop "preheader" concept, which requires /// the predecessor to have exactly one successor. /// template <class BlockT, class LoopT> BlockT *LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getLoopPredecessor() const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); // Keep track of nodes outside the loop branching to the header... BlockT *Out = nullptr; // Loop over the predecessors of the header node... BlockT *Header = getHeader(); for (const auto Pred : children<Inverse<BlockT *>>(Header)) { if (!contains(Pred)) { // If the block is not in the loop... if (Out && Out != Pred) return nullptr; // Multiple predecessors outside the loop Out = Pred; } } // Make sure there is only one exit out of the preheader. assert(Out && "Header of loop has no predecessors from outside loop?"); return Out; } /// getLoopLatch - If there is a single latch block for this loop, return it. /// A latch block is a block that contains a branch back to the header. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> BlockT *LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getLoopLatch() const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); BlockT *Header = getHeader(); BlockT *Latch = nullptr; for (const auto Pred : children<Inverse<BlockT *>>(Header)) { if (contains(Pred)) { if (Latch) return nullptr; Latch = Pred; } } return Latch; } //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // APIs for updating loop information after changing the CFG // /// addBasicBlockToLoop - This method is used by other analyses to update loop /// information. NewBB is set to be a new member of the current loop. /// Because of this, it is added as a member of all parent loops, and is added /// to the specified LoopInfo object as being in the current basic block. It /// is not valid to replace the loop header with this method. /// template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::addBasicBlockToLoop( BlockT *NewBB, LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT> &LIB) { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); #ifndef NDEBUG if (!Blocks.empty()) { auto SameHeader = LIB[getHeader()]; assert(contains(SameHeader) && getHeader() == SameHeader->getHeader() && "Incorrect LI specified for this loop!"); } #endif assert(NewBB && "Cannot add a null basic block to the loop!"); assert(!LIB[NewBB] && "BasicBlock already in the loop!"); LoopT *L = static_cast<LoopT *>(this); // Add the loop mapping to the LoopInfo object... LIB.BBMap[NewBB] = L; // Add the basic block to this loop and all parent loops... while (L) { L->addBlockEntry(NewBB); L = L->getParentLoop(); } } /// replaceChildLoopWith - This is used when splitting loops up. It replaces /// the OldChild entry in our children list with NewChild, and updates the /// parent pointer of OldChild to be null and the NewChild to be this loop. /// This updates the loop depth of the new child. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::replaceChildLoopWith(LoopT *OldChild, LoopT *NewChild) { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); assert(OldChild->ParentLoop == this && "This loop is already broken!"); assert(!NewChild->ParentLoop && "NewChild already has a parent!"); typename std::vector<LoopT *>::iterator I = find(SubLoops, OldChild); assert(I != SubLoops.end() && "OldChild not in loop!"); *I = NewChild; OldChild->ParentLoop = nullptr; NewChild->ParentLoop = static_cast<LoopT *>(this); } /// verifyLoop - Verify loop structure template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::verifyLoop() const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); #ifndef NDEBUG assert(!Blocks.empty() && "Loop header is missing"); // Setup for using a depth-first iterator to visit every block in the loop. SmallVector<BlockT *, 8> ExitBBs; getExitBlocks(ExitBBs); df_iterator_default_set<BlockT *> VisitSet; VisitSet.insert(ExitBBs.begin(), ExitBBs.end()); df_ext_iterator<BlockT *, df_iterator_default_set<BlockT *>> BI = df_ext_begin(getHeader(), VisitSet), BE = df_ext_end(getHeader(), VisitSet); // Keep track of the BBs visited. SmallPtrSet<BlockT *, 8> VisitedBBs; // Check the individual blocks. for (; BI != BE; ++BI) { BlockT *BB = *BI; assert(std::any_of(GraphTraits<BlockT *>::child_begin(BB), GraphTraits<BlockT *>::child_end(BB), [&](BlockT *B) { return contains(B); }) && "Loop block has no in-loop successors!"); assert(std::any_of(GraphTraits<Inverse<BlockT *>>::child_begin(BB), GraphTraits<Inverse<BlockT *>>::child_end(BB), [&](BlockT *B) { return contains(B); }) && "Loop block has no in-loop predecessors!"); SmallVector<BlockT *, 2> OutsideLoopPreds; std::for_each(GraphTraits<Inverse<BlockT *>>::child_begin(BB), GraphTraits<Inverse<BlockT *>>::child_end(BB), [&](BlockT *B) { if (!contains(B)) OutsideLoopPreds.push_back(B); }); if (BB == getHeader()) { assert(!OutsideLoopPreds.empty() && "Loop is unreachable!"); } else if (!OutsideLoopPreds.empty()) { // A non-header loop shouldn't be reachable from outside the loop, // though it is permitted if the predecessor is not itself actually // reachable. BlockT *EntryBB = &BB->getParent()->front(); for (BlockT *CB : depth_first(EntryBB)) for (unsigned i = 0, e = OutsideLoopPreds.size(); i != e; ++i) assert(CB != OutsideLoopPreds[i] && "Loop has multiple entry points!"); } assert(BB != &getHeader()->getParent()->front() && "Loop contains function entry block!"); VisitedBBs.insert(BB); } if (VisitedBBs.size() != getNumBlocks()) { dbgs() << "The following blocks are unreachable in the loop: "; for (auto BB : Blocks) { if (!VisitedBBs.count(BB)) { dbgs() << *BB << "\n"; } } assert(false && "Unreachable block in loop"); } // Check the subloops. for (iterator I = begin(), E = end(); I != E; ++I) // Each block in each subloop should be contained within this loop. for (block_iterator BI = (*I)->block_begin(), BE = (*I)->block_end(); BI != BE; ++BI) { assert(contains(*BI) && "Loop does not contain all the blocks of a subloop!"); } // Check the parent loop pointer. if (ParentLoop) { assert(is_contained(*ParentLoop, this) && "Loop is not a subloop of its parent!"); } #endif } /// verifyLoop - Verify loop structure of this loop and all nested loops. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::verifyLoopNest( DenseSet<const LoopT *> *Loops) const { assert(!isInvalid() && "Loop not in a valid state!"); Loops->insert(static_cast<const LoopT *>(this)); // Verify this loop. verifyLoop(); // Verify the subloops. for (iterator I = begin(), E = end(); I != E; ++I) (*I)->verifyLoopNest(Loops); } template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopBase<BlockT, LoopT>::print(raw_ostream &OS, unsigned Depth, bool Verbose) const { OS.indent(Depth * 2) << "Loop at depth " << getLoopDepth() << " containing: "; BlockT *H = getHeader(); for (unsigned i = 0; i < getBlocks().size(); ++i) { BlockT *BB = getBlocks()[i]; if (!Verbose) { if (i) OS << ","; BB->printAsOperand(OS, false); } else OS << "\n"; if (BB == H) OS << "<header>"; if (isLoopLatch(BB)) OS << "<latch>"; if (isLoopExiting(BB)) OS << "<exiting>"; if (Verbose) BB->print(OS); } OS << "\n"; for (iterator I = begin(), E = end(); I != E; ++I) (*I)->print(OS, Depth + 2); } //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// /// Stable LoopInfo Analysis - Build a loop tree using stable iterators so the /// result does / not depend on use list (block predecessor) order. /// /// Discover a subloop with the specified backedges such that: All blocks within /// this loop are mapped to this loop or a subloop. And all subloops within this /// loop have their parent loop set to this loop or a subloop. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> static void discoverAndMapSubloop(LoopT *L, ArrayRef<BlockT *> Backedges, LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT> *LI, const DomTreeBase<BlockT> &DomTree) { typedef GraphTraits<Inverse<BlockT *>> InvBlockTraits; unsigned NumBlocks = 0; unsigned NumSubloops = 0; // Perform a backward CFG traversal using a worklist. std::vector<BlockT *> ReverseCFGWorklist(Backedges.begin(), Backedges.end()); while (!ReverseCFGWorklist.empty()) { BlockT *PredBB = ReverseCFGWorklist.back(); ReverseCFGWorklist.pop_back(); LoopT *Subloop = LI->getLoopFor(PredBB); if (!Subloop) { if (!DomTree.isReachableFromEntry(PredBB)) continue; // This is an undiscovered block. Map it to the current loop. LI->changeLoopFor(PredBB, L); ++NumBlocks; if (PredBB == L->getHeader()) continue; // Push all block predecessors on the worklist. ReverseCFGWorklist.insert(ReverseCFGWorklist.end(), InvBlockTraits::child_begin(PredBB), InvBlockTraits::child_end(PredBB)); } else { // This is a discovered block. Find its outermost discovered loop. while (LoopT *Parent = Subloop->getParentLoop()) Subloop = Parent; // If it is already discovered to be a subloop of this loop, continue. if (Subloop == L) continue; // Discover a subloop of this loop. Subloop->setParentLoop(L); ++NumSubloops; NumBlocks += Subloop->getBlocks().capacity(); PredBB = Subloop->getHeader(); // Continue traversal along predecessors that are not loop-back edges from // within this subloop tree itself. Note that a predecessor may directly // reach another subloop that is not yet discovered to be a subloop of // this loop, which we must traverse. for (const auto Pred : children<Inverse<BlockT *>>(PredBB)) { if (LI->getLoopFor(Pred) != Subloop) ReverseCFGWorklist.push_back(Pred); } } } L->getSubLoopsVector().reserve(NumSubloops); L->reserveBlocks(NumBlocks); } /// Populate all loop data in a stable order during a single forward DFS. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> class PopulateLoopsDFS { typedef GraphTraits<BlockT *> BlockTraits; typedef typename BlockTraits::ChildIteratorType SuccIterTy; LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT> *LI; public: PopulateLoopsDFS(LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT> *li) : LI(li) {} void traverse(BlockT *EntryBlock); protected: void insertIntoLoop(BlockT *Block); }; /// Top-level driver for the forward DFS within the loop. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void PopulateLoopsDFS<BlockT, LoopT>::traverse(BlockT *EntryBlock) { for (BlockT *BB : post_order(EntryBlock)) insertIntoLoop(BB); } /// Add a single Block to its ancestor loops in PostOrder. If the block is a /// subloop header, add the subloop to its parent in PostOrder, then reverse the /// Block and Subloop vectors of the now complete subloop to achieve RPO. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void PopulateLoopsDFS<BlockT, LoopT>::insertIntoLoop(BlockT *Block) { LoopT *Subloop = LI->getLoopFor(Block); if (Subloop && Block == Subloop->getHeader()) { // We reach this point once per subloop after processing all the blocks in // the subloop. if (Subloop->getParentLoop()) Subloop->getParentLoop()->getSubLoopsVector().push_back(Subloop); else LI->addTopLevelLoop(Subloop); // For convenience, Blocks and Subloops are inserted in postorder. Reverse // the lists, except for the loop header, which is always at the beginning. Subloop->reverseBlock(1); std::reverse(Subloop->getSubLoopsVector().begin(), Subloop->getSubLoopsVector().end()); Subloop = Subloop->getParentLoop(); } for (; Subloop; Subloop = Subloop->getParentLoop()) Subloop->addBlockEntry(Block); } /// Analyze LoopInfo discovers loops during a postorder DominatorTree traversal /// interleaved with backward CFG traversals within each subloop /// (discoverAndMapSubloop). The backward traversal skips inner subloops, so /// this part of the algorithm is linear in the number of CFG edges. Subloop and /// Block vectors are then populated during a single forward CFG traversal /// (PopulateLoopDFS). /// /// During the two CFG traversals each block is seen three times: /// 1) Discovered and mapped by a reverse CFG traversal. /// 2) Visited during a forward DFS CFG traversal. /// 3) Reverse-inserted in the loop in postorder following forward DFS. /// /// The Block vectors are inclusive, so step 3 requires loop-depth number of /// insertions per block. template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT>::analyze(const DomTreeBase<BlockT> &DomTree) { // Postorder traversal of the dominator tree. const DomTreeNodeBase<BlockT> *DomRoot = DomTree.getRootNode(); for (auto DomNode : post_order(DomRoot)) { BlockT *Header = DomNode->getBlock(); SmallVector<BlockT *, 4> Backedges; // Check each predecessor of the potential loop header. for (const auto Backedge : children<Inverse<BlockT *>>(Header)) { // If Header dominates predBB, this is a new loop. Collect the backedges. if (DomTree.dominates(Header, Backedge) && DomTree.isReachableFromEntry(Backedge)) { Backedges.push_back(Backedge); } } // Perform a backward CFG traversal to discover and map blocks in this loop. if (!Backedges.empty()) { LoopT *L = AllocateLoop(Header); discoverAndMapSubloop(L, ArrayRef<BlockT *>(Backedges), this, DomTree); } } // Perform a single forward CFG traversal to populate block and subloop // vectors for all loops. PopulateLoopsDFS<BlockT, LoopT> DFS(this); DFS.traverse(DomRoot->getBlock()); } template <class BlockT, class LoopT> SmallVector<LoopT *, 4> LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getLoopsInPreorder() { SmallVector<LoopT *, 4> PreOrderLoops, PreOrderWorklist; // The outer-most loop actually goes into the result in the same relative // order as we walk it. But LoopInfo stores the top level loops in reverse // program order so for here we reverse it to get forward program order. // FIXME: If we change the order of LoopInfo we will want to remove the // reverse here. for (LoopT *RootL : reverse(*this)) { assert(PreOrderWorklist.empty() && "Must start with an empty preorder walk worklist."); PreOrderWorklist.push_back(RootL); do { LoopT *L = PreOrderWorklist.pop_back_val(); // Sub-loops are stored in forward program order, but will process the // worklist backwards so append them in reverse order. PreOrderWorklist.append(L->rbegin(), L->rend()); PreOrderLoops.push_back(L); } while (!PreOrderWorklist.empty()); } return PreOrderLoops; } template <class BlockT, class LoopT> SmallVector<LoopT *, 4> LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT>::getLoopsInReverseSiblingPreorder() { SmallVector<LoopT *, 4> PreOrderLoops, PreOrderWorklist; // The outer-most loop actually goes into the result in the same relative // order as we walk it. LoopInfo stores the top level loops in reverse // program order so we walk in order here. // FIXME: If we change the order of LoopInfo we will want to add a reverse // here. for (LoopT *RootL : *this) { assert(PreOrderWorklist.empty() && "Must start with an empty preorder walk worklist."); PreOrderWorklist.push_back(RootL); do { LoopT *L = PreOrderWorklist.pop_back_val(); // Sub-loops are stored in forward program order, but will process the // worklist backwards so we can just append them in order. PreOrderWorklist.append(L->begin(), L->end()); PreOrderLoops.push_back(L); } while (!PreOrderWorklist.empty()); } return PreOrderLoops; } // Debugging template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT>::print(raw_ostream &OS) const { for (unsigned i = 0; i < TopLevelLoops.size(); ++i) TopLevelLoops[i]->print(OS); #if 0 for (DenseMap<BasicBlock*, LoopT*>::const_iterator I = BBMap.begin(), E = BBMap.end(); I != E; ++I) OS << "BB '" << I->first->getName() << "' level = " << I->second->getLoopDepth() << "\n"; #endif } template <typename T> bool compareVectors(std::vector<T> &BB1, std::vector<T> &BB2) { std::sort(BB1.begin(), BB1.end()); std::sort(BB2.begin(), BB2.end()); return BB1 == BB2; } template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void addInnerLoopsToHeadersMap(DenseMap<BlockT *, const LoopT *> &LoopHeaders, const LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT> &LI, const LoopT &L) { LoopHeaders[L.getHeader()] = &L; for (LoopT *SL : L) addInnerLoopsToHeadersMap(LoopHeaders, LI, *SL); } #ifndef NDEBUG template <class BlockT, class LoopT> static void compareLoops(const LoopT *L, const LoopT *OtherL, DenseMap<BlockT *, const LoopT *> &OtherLoopHeaders) { BlockT *H = L->getHeader(); BlockT *OtherH = OtherL->getHeader(); assert(H == OtherH && "Mismatched headers even though found in the same map entry!"); assert(L->getLoopDepth() == OtherL->getLoopDepth() && "Mismatched loop depth!"); const LoopT *ParentL = L, *OtherParentL = OtherL; do { assert(ParentL->getHeader() == OtherParentL->getHeader() && "Mismatched parent loop headers!"); ParentL = ParentL->getParentLoop(); OtherParentL = OtherParentL->getParentLoop(); } while (ParentL); for (const LoopT *SubL : *L) { BlockT *SubH = SubL->getHeader(); const LoopT *OtherSubL = OtherLoopHeaders.lookup(SubH); assert(OtherSubL && "Inner loop is missing in computed loop info!"); OtherLoopHeaders.erase(SubH); compareLoops(SubL, OtherSubL, OtherLoopHeaders); } std::vector<BlockT *> BBs = L->getBlocks(); std::vector<BlockT *> OtherBBs = OtherL->getBlocks(); assert(compareVectors(BBs, OtherBBs) && "Mismatched basic blocks in the loops!"); } #endif template <class BlockT, class LoopT> void LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT>::verify( const DomTreeBase<BlockT> &DomTree) const { DenseSet<const LoopT *> Loops; for (iterator I = begin(), E = end(); I != E; ++I) { assert(!(*I)->getParentLoop() && "Top-level loop has a parent!"); (*I)->verifyLoopNest(&Loops); } // Verify that blocks are mapped to valid loops. #ifndef NDEBUG for (auto &Entry : BBMap) { const BlockT *BB = Entry.first; LoopT *L = Entry.second; assert(Loops.count(L) && "orphaned loop"); assert(L->contains(BB) && "orphaned block"); } // Recompute LoopInfo to verify loops structure. LoopInfoBase<BlockT, LoopT> OtherLI; OtherLI.analyze(DomTree); // Build a map we can use to move from our LI to the computed one. This // allows us to ignore the particular order in any layer of the loop forest // while still comparing the structure. DenseMap<BlockT *, const LoopT *> OtherLoopHeaders; for (LoopT *L : OtherLI) addInnerLoopsToHeadersMap(OtherLoopHeaders, OtherLI, *L); // Walk the top level loops and ensure there is a corresponding top-level // loop in the computed version and then recursively compare those loop // nests. for (LoopT *L : *this) { BlockT *Header = L->getHeader(); const LoopT *OtherL = OtherLoopHeaders.lookup(Header); assert(OtherL && "Top level loop is missing in computed loop info!"); // Now that we've matched this loop, erase its header from the map. OtherLoopHeaders.erase(Header); // And recursively compare these loops. compareLoops(L, OtherL, OtherLoopHeaders); } // Any remaining entries in the map are loops which were found when computing // a fresh LoopInfo but not present in the current one. if (!OtherLoopHeaders.empty()) { for (const auto &HeaderAndLoop : OtherLoopHeaders) dbgs() << "Found new loop: " << *HeaderAndLoop.second << "\n"; llvm_unreachable("Found new loops when recomputing LoopInfo!"); } #endif } } // End llvm namespace #endif