:mod:`random` --- Generate pseudo-random numbers
================================================
.. module:: random
:synopsis: Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions.
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/random.py`
--------------
This module implements pseudo-random number generators for various
distributions.
For integers, uniform selection from a range. For sequences, uniform selection
of a random element, a function to generate a random permutation of a list
in-place, and a function for random sampling without replacement.
On the real line, there are functions to compute uniform, normal (Gaussian),
lognormal, negative exponential, gamma, and beta distributions. For generating
distributions of angles, the von Mises distribution is available.
Almost all module functions depend on the basic function :func:`.random`, which
generates a random float uniformly in the semi-open range [0.0, 1.0). Python
uses the Mersenne Twister as the core generator. It produces 53-bit precision
floats and has a period of 2\*\*19937-1. The underlying implementation in C is
both fast and threadsafe. The Mersenne Twister is one of the most extensively
tested random number generators in existence. However, being completely
deterministic, it is not suitable for all purposes, and is completely unsuitable
for cryptographic purposes.
The functions supplied by this module are actually bound methods of a hidden
instance of the :class:`random.Random` class. You can instantiate your own
instances of :class:`Random` to get generators that don't share state. This is
especially useful for multi-threaded programs, creating a different instance of
:class:`Random` for each thread, and using the :meth:`jumpahead` method to make
it likely that the generated sequences seen by each thread don't overlap.
Class :class:`Random` can also be subclassed if you want to use a different
basic generator of your own devising: in that case, override the :meth:`~Random.random`,
:meth:`~Random.seed`, :meth:`~Random.getstate`, :meth:`~Random.setstate` and
:meth:`~Random.jumpahead` methods. Optionally, a new generator can supply a
:meth:`~Random.getrandbits` method --- this
allows :meth:`randrange` to produce selections over an arbitrarily large range.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
the :meth:`getrandbits` method.
As an example of subclassing, the :mod:`random` module provides the
:class:`WichmannHill` class that implements an alternative generator in pure
Python. The class provides a backward compatible way to reproduce results from
earlier versions of Python, which used the Wichmann-Hill algorithm as the core
generator. Note that this Wichmann-Hill generator can no longer be recommended:
its period is too short by contemporary standards, and the sequence generated is
known to fail some stringent randomness tests. See the references below for a
recent variant that repairs these flaws.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
MersenneTwister replaced Wichmann-Hill as the default generator.
The :mod:`random` module also provides the :class:`SystemRandom` class which
uses the system function :func:`os.urandom` to generate random numbers
from sources provided by the operating system.
.. warning::
The pseudo-random generators of this module should not be used for
security purposes. Use :func:`os.urandom` or :class:`SystemRandom` if
you require a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator.
Bookkeeping functions:
.. function:: seed([x])
Initialize the basic random number generator. Optional argument *x* can be any
:term:`hashable` object. If *x* is omitted or ``None``, current system time is used;
current system time is also used to initialize the generator when the module is
first imported. If randomness sources are provided by the operating system,
they are used instead of the system time (see the :func:`os.urandom` function
for details on availability).
If a :term:`hashable` object is given, deterministic results are only assured
when :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` is disabled.
.. versionchanged:: 2.4
formerly, operating system resources were not used.
.. function:: getstate()
Return an object capturing the current internal state of the generator. This
object can be passed to :func:`setstate` to restore the state.
.. versionadded:: 2.1
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
State values produced in Python 2.6 cannot be loaded into earlier versions.
.. function:: setstate(state)
*state* should have been obtained from a previous call to :func:`getstate`, and
:func:`setstate` restores the internal state of the generator to what it was at
the time :func:`getstate` was called.
.. versionadded:: 2.1
.. function:: jumpahead(n)
Change the internal state to one different from and likely far away from the
current state. *n* is a non-negative integer which is used to scramble the
current state vector. This is most useful in multi-threaded programs, in
conjunction with multiple instances of the :class:`Random` class:
:meth:`setstate` or :meth:`seed` can be used to force all instances into the
same internal state, and then :meth:`jumpahead` can be used to force the
instances' states far apart.
.. versionadded:: 2.1
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Instead of jumping to a specific state, *n* steps ahead, ``jumpahead(n)``
jumps to another state likely to be separated by many steps.
.. function:: getrandbits(k)
Returns a python :class:`long` int with *k* random bits. This method is supplied
with the MersenneTwister generator and some other generators may also provide it
as an optional part of the API. When available, :meth:`getrandbits` enables
:meth:`randrange` to handle arbitrarily large ranges.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
Functions for integers:
.. function:: randrange(stop)
randrange(start, stop[, step])
Return a randomly selected element from ``range(start, stop, step)``. This is
equivalent to ``choice(range(start, stop, step))``, but doesn't actually build a
range object.
.. versionadded:: 1.5.2
.. function:: randint(a, b)
Return a random integer *N* such that ``a <= N <= b``.
Functions for sequences:
.. function:: choice(seq)
Return a random element from the non-empty sequence *seq*. If *seq* is empty,
raises :exc:`IndexError`.
.. function:: shuffle(x[, random])
Shuffle the sequence *x* in place. The optional argument *random* is a
0-argument function returning a random float in [0.0, 1.0); by default, this is
the function :func:`.random`.
Note that for even rather small ``len(x)``, the total number of permutations of
*x* is larger than the period of most random number generators; this implies
that most permutations of a long sequence can never be generated.
.. function:: sample(population, k)
Return a *k* length list of unique elements chosen from the population sequence.
Used for random sampling without replacement.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
Returns a new list containing elements from the population while leaving the
original population unchanged. The resulting list is in selection order so that
all sub-slices will also be valid random samples. This allows raffle winners
(the sample) to be partitioned into grand prize and second place winners (the
subslices).
Members of the population need not be :term:`hashable` or unique. If the population
contains repeats, then each occurrence is a possible selection in the sample.
To choose a sample from a range of integers, use an :func:`xrange` object as an
argument. This is especially fast and space efficient for sampling from a large
population: ``sample(xrange(10000000), 60)``.
The following functions generate specific real-valued distributions. Function
parameters are named after the corresponding variables in the distribution's
equation, as used in common mathematical practice; most of these equations can
be found in any statistics text.
.. function:: random()
Return the next random floating point number in the range [0.0, 1.0).
.. function:: uniform(a, b)
Return a random floating point number *N* such that ``a <= N <= b`` for
``a <= b`` and ``b <= N <= a`` for ``b < a``.
The end-point value ``b`` may or may not be included in the range
depending on floating-point rounding in the equation ``a + (b-a) * random()``.
.. function:: triangular(low, high, mode)
Return a random floating point number *N* such that ``low <= N <= high`` and
with the specified *mode* between those bounds. The *low* and *high* bounds
default to zero and one. The *mode* argument defaults to the midpoint
between the bounds, giving a symmetric distribution.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. function:: betavariate(alpha, beta)
Beta distribution. Conditions on the parameters are ``alpha > 0`` and
``beta > 0``. Returned values range between 0 and 1.
.. function:: expovariate(lambd)
Exponential distribution. *lambd* is 1.0 divided by the desired
mean. It should be nonzero. (The parameter would be called
"lambda", but that is a reserved word in Python.) Returned values
range from 0 to positive infinity if *lambd* is positive, and from
negative infinity to 0 if *lambd* is negative.
.. function:: gammavariate(alpha, beta)
Gamma distribution. (*Not* the gamma function!) Conditions on the
parameters are ``alpha > 0`` and ``beta > 0``.
The probability distribution function is::
x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) = --------------------------------------
math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha
.. function:: gauss(mu, sigma)
Gaussian distribution. *mu* is the mean, and *sigma* is the standard
deviation. This is slightly faster than the :func:`normalvariate` function
defined below.
.. function:: lognormvariate(mu, sigma)
Log normal distribution. If you take the natural logarithm of this
distribution, you'll get a normal distribution with mean *mu* and standard
deviation *sigma*. *mu* can have any value, and *sigma* must be greater than
zero.
.. function:: normalvariate(mu, sigma)
Normal distribution. *mu* is the mean, and *sigma* is the standard deviation.
.. function:: vonmisesvariate(mu, kappa)
*mu* is the mean angle, expressed in radians between 0 and 2\*\ *pi*, and *kappa*
is the concentration parameter, which must be greater than or equal to zero. If
*kappa* is equal to zero, this distribution reduces to a uniform random angle
over the range 0 to 2\*\ *pi*.
.. function:: paretovariate(alpha)
Pareto distribution. *alpha* is the shape parameter.
.. function:: weibullvariate(alpha, beta)
Weibull distribution. *alpha* is the scale parameter and *beta* is the shape
parameter.
Alternative Generators:
.. class:: WichmannHill([seed])
Class that implements the Wichmann-Hill algorithm as the core generator. Has all
of the same methods as :class:`Random` plus the :meth:`whseed` method described
below. Because this class is implemented in pure Python, it is not threadsafe
and may require locks between calls. The period of the generator is
6,953,607,871,644 which is small enough to require care that two independent
random sequences do not overlap.
.. function:: whseed([x])
This is obsolete, supplied for bit-level compatibility with versions of Python
prior to 2.1. See :func:`seed` for details. :func:`whseed` does not guarantee
that distinct integer arguments yield distinct internal states, and can yield no
more than about 2\*\*24 distinct internal states in all.
.. class:: SystemRandom([seed])
Class that uses the :func:`os.urandom` function for generating random numbers
from sources provided by the operating system. Not available on all systems.
Does not rely on software state and sequences are not reproducible. Accordingly,
the :meth:`seed` and :meth:`jumpahead` methods have no effect and are ignored.
The :meth:`getstate` and :meth:`setstate` methods raise
:exc:`NotImplementedError` if called.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
Examples of basic usage::
>>> random.random() # Random float x, 0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646
>>> random.uniform(1, 10) # Random float x, 1.0 <= x < 10.0
1.1800146073117523
>>> random.randint(1, 10) # Integer from 1 to 10, endpoints included
7
>>> random.randrange(0, 101, 2) # Even integer from 0 to 100
26
>>> random.choice('abcdefghij') # Choose a random element
'c'
>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> random.shuffle(items)
>>> items
[7, 3, 2, 5, 6, 4, 1]
>>> random.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3) # Choose 3 elements
[4, 1, 5]
.. seealso::
M. Matsumoto and T. Nishimura, "Mersenne Twister: A 623-dimensionally
equidistributed uniform pseudorandom number generator", ACM Transactions on
Modeling and Computer Simulation Vol. 8, No. 1, January pp.3--30 1998.
Wichmann, B. A. & Hill, I. D., "Algorithm AS 183: An efficient and portable
pseudo-random number generator", Applied Statistics 31 (1982) 188-190.
`Complementary-Multiply-with-Carry recipe
<http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576707/>`_ for a compatible alternative
random number generator with a long period and comparatively simple update
operations.