.. _idle:
IDLE
====
.. index::
single: IDLE
single: Python Editor
single: Integrated Development Environment
.. moduleauthor:: Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
IDLE is Python's Integrated Development and Learning Environment.
IDLE has the following features:
* coded in 100% pure Python, using the :mod:`tkinter` GUI toolkit
* cross-platform: works mostly the same on Windows, Unix, and Mac OS X
* Python shell window (interactive interpreter) with colorizing
of code input, output, and error messages
* multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing,
smart indent, call tips, auto completion, and other features
* search within any window, replace within editor windows, and search
through multiple files (grep)
* debugger with persistent breakpoints, stepping, and viewing
of global and local namespaces
* configuration, browsers, and other dialogs
Menus
-----
IDLE has two main window types, the Shell window and the Editor window. It is
possible to have multiple editor windows simultaneously. Output windows, such
as used for Edit / Find in Files, are a subtype of edit window. They currently
have the same top menu as Editor windows but a different default title and
context menu.
IDLE's menus dynamically change based on which window is currently selected.
Each menu documented below indicates which window type it is associated with.
File menu (Shell and Editor)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
New File
Create a new file editing window.
Open...
Open an existing file with an Open dialog.
Recent Files
Open a list of recent files. Click one to open it.
Open Module...
Open an existing module (searches sys.path).
.. index::
single: Class browser
single: Path browser
Class Browser
Show functions, classes, and methods in the current Editor file in a
tree structure. In the shell, open a module first.
Path Browser
Show sys.path directories, modules, functions, classes and methods in a
tree structure.
Save
Save the current window to the associated file, if there is one. Windows
that have been changed since being opened or last saved have a \* before
and after the window title. If there is no associated file,
do Save As instead.
Save As...
Save the current window with a Save As dialog. The file saved becomes the
new associated file for the window.
Save Copy As...
Save the current window to different file without changing the associated
file.
Print Window
Print the current window to the default printer.
Close
Close the current window (ask to save if unsaved).
Exit
Close all windows and quit IDLE (ask to save unsaved windows).
Edit menu (Shell and Editor)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Undo
Undo the last change to the current window. A maximum of 1000 changes may
be undone.
Redo
Redo the last undone change to the current window.
Cut
Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.
Copy
Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.
Paste
Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.
The clipboard functions are also available in context menus.
Select All
Select the entire contents of the current window.
Find...
Open a search dialog with many options
Find Again
Repeat the last search, if there is one.
Find Selection
Search for the currently selected string, if there is one.
Find in Files...
Open a file search dialog. Put results in a new output window.
Replace...
Open a search-and-replace dialog.
Go to Line
Move cursor to the line number requested and make that line visible.
Show Completions
Open a scrollable list allowing selection of keywords and attributes. See
Completions in the Tips sections below.
Expand Word
Expand a prefix you have typed to match a full word in the same window;
repeat to get a different expansion.
Show call tip
After an unclosed parenthesis for a function, open a small window with
function parameter hints.
Show surrounding parens
Highlight the surrounding parenthesis.
Format menu (Editor window only)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Indent Region
Shift selected lines right by the indent width (default 4 spaces).
Dedent Region
Shift selected lines left by the indent width (default 4 spaces).
Comment Out Region
Insert ## in front of selected lines.
Uncomment Region
Remove leading # or ## from selected lines.
Tabify Region
Turn *leading* stretches of spaces into tabs. (Note: We recommend using
4 space blocks to indent Python code.)
Untabify Region
Turn *all* tabs into the correct number of spaces.
Toggle Tabs
Open a dialog to switch between indenting with spaces and tabs.
New Indent Width
Open a dialog to change indent width. The accepted default by the Python
community is 4 spaces.
Format Paragraph
Reformat the current blank-line-delimited paragraph in comment block or
multiline string or selected line in a string. All lines in the
paragraph will be formatted to less than N columns, where N defaults to 72.
Strip trailing whitespace
Remove any space characters after the last non-space character of a line.
.. index::
single: Run script
Run menu (Editor window only)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Python Shell
Open or wake up the Python Shell window.
Check Module
Check the syntax of the module currently open in the Editor window. If the
module has not been saved IDLE will either prompt the user to save or
autosave, as selected in the General tab of the Idle Settings dialog. If
there is a syntax error, the approximate location is indicated in the
Editor window.
Run Module
Do Check Module (above). If no error, restart the shell to clean the
environment, then execute the module. Output is displayed in the Shell
window. Note that output requires use of ``print`` or ``write``.
When execution is complete, the Shell retains focus and displays a prompt.
At this point, one may interactively explore the result of execution.
This is similar to executing a file with ``python -i file`` at a command
line.
Shell menu (Shell window only)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
View Last Restart
Scroll the shell window to the last Shell restart.
Restart Shell
Restart the shell to clean the environment.
Interrupt Execution
Stop a running program.
Debug menu (Shell window only)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Go to File/Line
Look on the current line. with the cursor, and the line above for a filename
and line number. If found, open the file if not already open, and show the
line. Use this to view source lines referenced in an exception traceback
and lines found by Find in Files. Also available in the context menu of
the Shell window and Output windows.
.. index::
single: debugger
single: stack viewer
Debugger (toggle)
When actived, code entered in the Shell or run from an Editor will run
under the debugger. In the Editor, breakpoints can be set with the context
menu. This feature is still incomplete and somewhat experimental.
Stack Viewer
Show the stack traceback of the last exception in a tree widget, with
access to locals and globals.
Auto-open Stack Viewer
Toggle automatically opening the stack viewer on an unhandled exception.
Options menu (Shell and Editor)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Configure IDLE
Open a configuration dialog and change preferences for the following:
fonts, indentation, keybindings, text color themes, startup windows and
size, additional help sources, and extensions (see below). On OS X,
open the configuration dialog by selecting Preferences in the application
menu. To use a new built-in color theme (IDLE Dark) with older IDLEs,
save it as a new custom theme.
Non-default user settings are saved in a .idlerc directory in the user's
home directory. Problems caused by bad user configuration files are solved
by editing or deleting one or more of the files in .idlerc.
Code Context (toggle)(Editor Window only)
Open a pane at the top of the edit window which shows the block context
of the code which has scrolled above the top of the window.
Window menu (Shell and Editor)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Zoom Height
Toggles the window between normal size and maximum height. The initial size
defaults to 40 lines by 80 chars unless changed on the General tab of the
Configure IDLE dialog.
The rest of this menu lists the names of all open windows; select one to bring
it to the foreground (deiconifying it if necessary).
Help menu (Shell and Editor)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
About IDLE
Display version, copyright, license, credits, and more.
IDLE Help
Display a help file for IDLE detailing the menu options, basic editing and
navigation, and other tips.
Python Docs
Access local Python documentation, if installed, or start a web browser
and open docs.python.org showing the latest Python documentation.
Turtle Demo
Run the turtledemo module with example python code and turtle drawings.
Additional help sources may be added here with the Configure IDLE dialog under
the General tab.
.. index::
single: Cut
single: Copy
single: Paste
single: Set Breakpoint
single: Clear Breakpoint
single: breakpoints
Context Menus
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Open a context menu by right-clicking in a window (Control-click on OS X).
Context menus have the standard clipboard functions also on the Edit menu.
Cut
Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard; then delete the selection.
Copy
Copy selection into the system-wide clipboard.
Paste
Insert contents of the system-wide clipboard into the current window.
Editor windows also have breakpoint functions. Lines with a breakpoint set are
specially marked. Breakpoints only have an effect when running under the
debugger. Breakpoints for a file are saved in the user's .idlerc directory.
Set Breakpoint
Set a breakpoint on the current line.
Clear Breakpoint
Clear the breakpoint on that line.
Shell and Output windows have the following.
Go to file/line
Same as in Debug menu.
Editing and navigation
----------------------
In this section, 'C' refers to the :kbd:`Control` key on Windows and Unix and
the :kbd:`Command` key on Mac OSX.
* :kbd:`Backspace` deletes to the left; :kbd:`Del` deletes to the right
* :kbd:`C-Backspace` delete word left; :kbd:`C-Del` delete word to the right
* Arrow keys and :kbd:`Page Up`/:kbd:`Page Down` to move around
* :kbd:`C-LeftArrow` and :kbd:`C-RightArrow` moves by words
* :kbd:`Home`/:kbd:`End` go to begin/end of line
* :kbd:`C-Home`/:kbd:`C-End` go to begin/end of file
* Some useful Emacs bindings are inherited from Tcl/Tk:
* :kbd:`C-a` beginning of line
* :kbd:`C-e` end of line
* :kbd:`C-k` kill line (but doesn't put it in clipboard)
* :kbd:`C-l` center window around the insertion point
* :kbd:`C-b` go backwards one character without deleting (usually you can
also use the cursor key for this)
* :kbd:`C-f` go forward one character without deleting (usually you can
also use the cursor key for this)
* :kbd:`C-p` go up one line (usually you can also use the cursor key for
this)
* :kbd:`C-d` delete next character
Standard keybindings (like :kbd:`C-c` to copy and :kbd:`C-v` to paste)
may work. Keybindings are selected in the Configure IDLE dialog.
Automatic indentation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
After a block-opening statement, the next line is indented by 4 spaces (in the
Python Shell window by one tab). After certain keywords (break, return etc.)
the next line is dedented. In leading indentation, :kbd:`Backspace` deletes up
to 4 spaces if they are there. :kbd:`Tab` inserts spaces (in the Python
Shell window one tab), number depends on Indent width. Currently tabs
are restricted to four spaces due to Tcl/Tk limitations.
See also the indent/dedent region commands in the edit menu.
Completions
^^^^^^^^^^^
Completions are supplied for functions, classes, and attributes of classes,
both built-in and user-defined. Completions are also provided for
filenames.
The AutoCompleteWindow (ACW) will open after a predefined delay (default is
two seconds) after a '.' or (in a string) an os.sep is typed. If after one
of those characters (plus zero or more other characters) a tab is typed
the ACW will open immediately if a possible continuation is found.
If there is only one possible completion for the characters entered, a
:kbd:`Tab` will supply that completion without opening the ACW.
'Show Completions' will force open a completions window, by default the
:kbd:`C-space` will open a completions window. In an empty
string, this will contain the files in the current directory. On a
blank line, it will contain the built-in and user-defined functions and
classes in the current name spaces, plus any modules imported. If some
characters have been entered, the ACW will attempt to be more specific.
If a string of characters is typed, the ACW selection will jump to the
entry most closely matching those characters. Entering a :kbd:`tab` will
cause the longest non-ambiguous match to be entered in the Editor window or
Shell. Two :kbd:`tab` in a row will supply the current ACW selection, as
will return or a double click. Cursor keys, Page Up/Down, mouse selection,
and the scroll wheel all operate on the ACW.
"Hidden" attributes can be accessed by typing the beginning of hidden
name after a '.', e.g. '_'. This allows access to modules with
``__all__`` set, or to class-private attributes.
Completions and the 'Expand Word' facility can save a lot of typing!
Completions are currently limited to those in the namespaces. Names in
an Editor window which are not via ``__main__`` and :data:`sys.modules` will
not be found. Run the module once with your imports to correct this situation.
Note that IDLE itself places quite a few modules in sys.modules, so
much can be found by default, e.g. the re module.
If you don't like the ACW popping up unbidden, simply make the delay
longer or disable the extension.
Calltips
^^^^^^^^
A calltip is shown when one types :kbd:`(` after the name of an *acccessible*
function. A name expression may include dots and subscripts. A calltip
remains until it is clicked, the cursor is moved out of the argument area,
or :kbd:`)` is typed. When the cursor is in the argument part of a definition,
the menu or shortcut display a calltip.
A calltip consists of the function signature and the first line of the
docstring. For builtins without an accessible signature, the calltip
consists of all lines up the fifth line or the first blank line. These
details may change.
The set of *accessible* functions depends on what modules have been imported
into the user process, including those imported by Idle itself,
and what definitions have been run, all since the last restart.
For example, restart the Shell and enter ``itertools.count(``. A calltip
appears because Idle imports itertools into the user process for its own use.
(This could change.) Enter ``turtle.write(`` and nothing appears. Idle does
not import turtle. The menu or shortcut do nothing either. Enter
``import turtle`` and then ``turtle.write(`` will work.
In an editor, import statements have no effect until one runs the file. One
might want to run a file after writing the import statements at the top,
or immediately run an existing file before editing.
Python Shell window
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
* :kbd:`C-c` interrupts executing command
* :kbd:`C-d` sends end-of-file; closes window if typed at a ``>>>`` prompt
* :kbd:`Alt-/` (Expand word) is also useful to reduce typing
Command history
* :kbd:`Alt-p` retrieves previous command matching what you have typed. On
OS X use :kbd:`C-p`.
* :kbd:`Alt-n` retrieves next. On OS X use :kbd:`C-n`.
* :kbd:`Return` while on any previous command retrieves that command
Text colors
^^^^^^^^^^^
Idle defaults to black on white text, but colors text with special meanings.
For the shell, these are shell output, shell error, user output, and
user error. For Python code, at the shell prompt or in an editor, these are
keywords, builtin class and function names, names following ``class`` and
``def``, strings, and comments. For any text window, these are the cursor (when
present), found text (when possible), and selected text.
Text coloring is done in the background, so uncolorized text is occasionally
visible. To change the color scheme, use the Configure IDLE dialog
Highlighting tab. The marking of debugger breakpoint lines in the editor and
text in popups and dialogs is not user-configurable.
Startup and code execution
--------------------------
Upon startup with the ``-s`` option, IDLE will execute the file referenced by
the environment variables :envvar:`IDLESTARTUP` or :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP`.
IDLE first checks for ``IDLESTARTUP``; if ``IDLESTARTUP`` is present the file
referenced is run. If ``IDLESTARTUP`` is not present, IDLE checks for
``PYTHONSTARTUP``. Files referenced by these environment variables are
convenient places to store functions that are used frequently from the IDLE
shell, or for executing import statements to import common modules.
In addition, ``Tk`` also loads a startup file if it is present. Note that the
Tk file is loaded unconditionally. This additional file is ``.Idle.py`` and is
looked for in the user's home directory. Statements in this file will be
executed in the Tk namespace, so this file is not useful for importing
functions to be used from IDLE's Python shell.
Command line usage
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. code-block:: none
idle.py [-c command] [-d] [-e] [-h] [-i] [-r file] [-s] [-t title] [-] [arg] ...
-c command run command in the shell window
-d enable debugger and open shell window
-e open editor window
-h print help message with legal combinations and exit
-i open shell window
-r file run file in shell window
-s run $IDLESTARTUP or $PYTHONSTARTUP first, in shell window
-t title set title of shell window
- run stdin in shell (- must be last option before args)
If there are arguments:
* If ``-``, ``-c``, or ``r`` is used, all arguments are placed in
``sys.argv[1:...]`` and ``sys.argv[0]`` is set to ``''``, ``'-c'``,
or ``'-r'``. No editor window is opened, even if that is the default
set in the Options dialog.
* Otherwise, arguments are files opened for editing and
``sys.argv`` reflects the arguments passed to IDLE itself.
IDLE-console differences
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
As much as possible, the result of executing Python code with IDLE is the
same as executing the same code in a console window. However, the different
interface and operation occasionally affects visible results. For instance,
``sys.modules`` starts with more entries.
IDLE also replaces ``sys.stdin``, ``sys.stdout``, and ``sys.stderr`` with
objects that get input from and send output to the Shell window.
When this window has the focus, it controls the keyboard and screen.
This is normally transparent, but functions that directly access the keyboard
and screen will not work. If ``sys`` is reset with ``reload(sys)``,
IDLE's changes are lost and things like ``input``, ``raw_input``, and
``print`` will not work correctly.
With IDLE's Shell, one enters, edits, and recalls complete statements.
Some consoles only work with a single physical line at a time. IDLE uses
``exec`` to run each statement. As a result, ``'__builtins__'`` is always
defined for each statement.
Running without a subprocess
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
By default, IDLE executes user code in a separate subprocess via a socket,
which uses the internal loopback interface. This connection is not
externally visible and no data is sent to or received from the Internet.
If firewall software complains anyway, you can ignore it.
If the attempt to make the socket connection fails, Idle will notify you.
Such failures are sometimes transient, but if persistent, the problem
may be either a firewall blocking the connecton or misconfiguration of
a particular system. Until the problem is fixed, one can run Idle with
the -n command line switch.
If IDLE is started with the -n command line switch it will run in a
single process and will not create the subprocess which runs the RPC
Python execution server. This can be useful if Python cannot create
the subprocess or the RPC socket interface on your platform. However,
in this mode user code is not isolated from IDLE itself. Also, the
environment is not restarted when Run/Run Module (F5) is selected. If
your code has been modified, you must reload() the affected modules and
re-import any specific items (e.g. from foo import baz) if the changes
are to take effect. For these reasons, it is preferable to run IDLE
with the default subprocess if at all possible.
.. deprecated:: 3.4
Help and preferences
--------------------
Additional help sources
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
IDLE includes a help menu entry called "Python Docs" that will open the
extensive sources of help, including tutorials, available at docs.python.org.
Selected URLs can be added or removed from the help menu at any time using the
Configure IDLE dialog. See the IDLE help option in the help menu of IDLE for
more information.
Setting preferences
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The font preferences, highlighting, keys, and general preferences can be
changed via Configure IDLE on the Option menu. Keys can be user defined;
IDLE ships with four built in key sets. In addition a user can create a
custom key set in the Configure IDLE dialog under the keys tab.
Extensions
^^^^^^^^^^
IDLE contains an extension facility. Peferences for extensions can be
changed with Configure Extensions. See the beginning of config-extensions.def
in the idlelib directory for further information. The default extensions
are currently:
* FormatParagraph
* AutoExpand
* ZoomHeight
* ScriptBinding
* CallTips
* ParenMatch
* AutoComplete
* CodeContext
* RstripExtension