// skip // Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // Run runs tests in the test directory. // // TODO(bradfitz): docs of some sort, once we figure out how we're changing // headers of files package main import ( "bytes" "errors" "flag" "fmt" "hash/fnv" "io" "io/ioutil" "log" "os" "os/exec" "path" "path/filepath" "regexp" "runtime" "sort" "strconv" "strings" "time" "unicode" ) var ( verbose = flag.Bool("v", false, "verbose. if set, parallelism is set to 1.") numParallel = flag.Int("n", runtime.NumCPU(), "number of parallel tests to run") summary = flag.Bool("summary", false, "show summary of results") showSkips = flag.Bool("show_skips", false, "show skipped tests") updateErrors = flag.Bool("update_errors", false, "update error messages in test file based on compiler output") runoutputLimit = flag.Int("l", defaultRunOutputLimit(), "number of parallel runoutput tests to run") shard = flag.Int("shard", 0, "shard index to run. Only applicable if -shards is non-zero.") shards = flag.Int("shards", 0, "number of shards. If 0, all tests are run. This is used by the continuous build.") ) var ( goos, goarch string // dirs are the directories to look for *.go files in. // TODO(bradfitz): just use all directories? dirs = []string{".", "ken", "chan", "interface", "syntax", "dwarf", "fixedbugs", "bugs"} // ratec controls the max number of tests running at a time. ratec chan bool // toRun is the channel of tests to run. // It is nil until the first test is started. toRun chan *test // rungatec controls the max number of runoutput tests // executed in parallel as they can each consume a lot of memory. rungatec chan bool ) // maxTests is an upper bound on the total number of tests. // It is used as a channel buffer size to make sure sends don't block. const maxTests = 5000 func main() { flag.Parse() goos = getenv("GOOS", runtime.GOOS) goarch = getenv("GOARCH", runtime.GOARCH) findExecCmd() // Disable parallelism if printing or if using a simulator. if *verbose || len(findExecCmd()) > 0 { *numParallel = 1 } ratec = make(chan bool, *numParallel) rungatec = make(chan bool, *runoutputLimit) var tests []*test if flag.NArg() > 0 { for _, arg := range flag.Args() { if arg == "-" || arg == "--" { // Permit running: // $ go run run.go - env.go // $ go run run.go -- env.go // $ go run run.go - ./fixedbugs // $ go run run.go -- ./fixedbugs continue } if fi, err := os.Stat(arg); err == nil && fi.IsDir() { for _, baseGoFile := range goFiles(arg) { tests = append(tests, startTest(arg, baseGoFile)) } } else if strings.HasSuffix(arg, ".go") { dir, file := filepath.Split(arg) tests = append(tests, startTest(dir, file)) } else { log.Fatalf("can't yet deal with non-directory and non-go file %q", arg) } } } else { for _, dir := range dirs { for _, baseGoFile := range goFiles(dir) { tests = append(tests, startTest(dir, baseGoFile)) } } } failed := false resCount := map[string]int{} for _, test := range tests { <-test.donec status := "ok " errStr := "" if _, isSkip := test.err.(skipError); isSkip { test.err = nil errStr = "unexpected skip for " + path.Join(test.dir, test.gofile) + ": " + errStr status = "FAIL" } if test.err != nil { status = "FAIL" errStr = test.err.Error() } if status == "FAIL" { failed = true } resCount[status]++ if status == "skip" && !*verbose && !*showSkips { continue } dt := fmt.Sprintf("%.3fs", test.dt.Seconds()) if status == "FAIL" { fmt.Printf("# go run run.go -- %s\n%s\nFAIL\t%s\t%s\n", path.Join(test.dir, test.gofile), errStr, test.goFileName(), dt) continue } if !*verbose { continue } fmt.Printf("%s\t%s\t%s\n", status, test.goFileName(), dt) } if *summary { for k, v := range resCount { fmt.Printf("%5d %s\n", v, k) } } if failed { os.Exit(1) } } func toolPath(name string) string { p := filepath.Join(os.Getenv("GOROOT"), "bin", "tool", name) if _, err := os.Stat(p); err != nil { log.Fatalf("didn't find binary at %s", p) } return p } func shardMatch(name string) bool { if *shards == 0 { return true } h := fnv.New32() io.WriteString(h, name) return int(h.Sum32()%uint32(*shards)) == *shard } func goFiles(dir string) []string { f, err := os.Open(dir) check(err) dirnames, err := f.Readdirnames(-1) check(err) names := []string{} for _, name := range dirnames { if !strings.HasPrefix(name, ".") && strings.HasSuffix(name, ".go") && shardMatch(name) { names = append(names, name) } } sort.Strings(names) return names } type runCmd func(...string) ([]byte, error) func compileFile(runcmd runCmd, longname string) (out []byte, err error) { return runcmd("go", "tool", "compile", "-e", longname) } func compileInDir(runcmd runCmd, dir string, names ...string) (out []byte, err error) { cmd := []string{"go", "tool", "compile", "-e", "-D", ".", "-I", "."} for _, name := range names { cmd = append(cmd, filepath.Join(dir, name)) } return runcmd(cmd...) } func linkFile(runcmd runCmd, goname string) (err error) { pfile := strings.Replace(goname, ".go", ".o", -1) _, err = runcmd("go", "tool", "link", "-w", "-o", "a.exe", "-L", ".", pfile) return } // skipError describes why a test was skipped. type skipError string func (s skipError) Error() string { return string(s) } func check(err error) { if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } } // test holds the state of a test. type test struct { dir, gofile string donec chan bool // closed when done dt time.Duration src string action string // "compile", "build", etc. tempDir string err error } // startTest func startTest(dir, gofile string) *test { t := &test{ dir: dir, gofile: gofile, donec: make(chan bool, 1), } if toRun == nil { toRun = make(chan *test, maxTests) go runTests() } select { case toRun <- t: default: panic("toRun buffer size (maxTests) is too small") } return t } // runTests runs tests in parallel, but respecting the order they // were enqueued on the toRun channel. func runTests() { for { ratec <- true t := <-toRun go func() { t.run() <-ratec }() } } var cwd, _ = os.Getwd() func (t *test) goFileName() string { return filepath.Join(t.dir, t.gofile) } func (t *test) goDirName() string { return filepath.Join(t.dir, strings.Replace(t.gofile, ".go", ".dir", -1)) } func goDirFiles(longdir string) (filter []os.FileInfo, err error) { files, dirErr := ioutil.ReadDir(longdir) if dirErr != nil { return nil, dirErr } for _, gofile := range files { if filepath.Ext(gofile.Name()) == ".go" { filter = append(filter, gofile) } } return } var packageRE = regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)^package (\w+)`) func goDirPackages(longdir string) ([][]string, error) { files, err := goDirFiles(longdir) if err != nil { return nil, err } var pkgs [][]string m := make(map[string]int) for _, file := range files { name := file.Name() data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filepath.Join(longdir, name)) if err != nil { return nil, err } pkgname := packageRE.FindStringSubmatch(string(data)) if pkgname == nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot find package name in %s", name) } i, ok := m[pkgname[1]] if !ok { i = len(pkgs) pkgs = append(pkgs, nil) m[pkgname[1]] = i } pkgs[i] = append(pkgs[i], name) } return pkgs, nil } type context struct { GOOS string GOARCH string } // shouldTest looks for build tags in a source file and returns // whether the file should be used according to the tags. func shouldTest(src string, goos, goarch string) (ok bool, whyNot string) { for _, line := range strings.Split(src, "\n") { line = strings.TrimSpace(line) if strings.HasPrefix(line, "//") { line = line[2:] } else { continue } line = strings.TrimSpace(line) if len(line) == 0 || line[0] != '+' { continue } ctxt := &context{ GOOS: goos, GOARCH: goarch, } words := strings.Fields(line) if words[0] == "+build" { ok := false for _, word := range words[1:] { if ctxt.match(word) { ok = true break } } if !ok { // no matching tag found. return false, line } } } // no build tags return true, "" } func (ctxt *context) match(name string) bool { if name == "" { return false } if i := strings.Index(name, ","); i >= 0 { // comma-separated list return ctxt.match(name[:i]) && ctxt.match(name[i+1:]) } if strings.HasPrefix(name, "!!") { // bad syntax, reject always return false } if strings.HasPrefix(name, "!") { // negation return len(name) > 1 && !ctxt.match(name[1:]) } // Tags must be letters, digits, underscores or dots. // Unlike in Go identifiers, all digits are fine (e.g., "386"). for _, c := range name { if !unicode.IsLetter(c) && !unicode.IsDigit(c) && c != '_' && c != '.' { return false } } if name == ctxt.GOOS || name == ctxt.GOARCH { return true } return false } func init() { checkShouldTest() } // run runs a test. func (t *test) run() { start := time.Now() defer func() { t.dt = time.Since(start) close(t.donec) }() srcBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(t.goFileName()) if err != nil { t.err = err return } t.src = string(srcBytes) if t.src[0] == '\n' { t.err = skipError("starts with newline") return } // Execution recipe stops at first blank line. pos := strings.Index(t.src, "\n\n") if pos == -1 { t.err = errors.New("double newline not found") return } action := t.src[:pos] if nl := strings.Index(action, "\n"); nl >= 0 && strings.Contains(action[:nl], "+build") { // skip first line action = action[nl+1:] } if strings.HasPrefix(action, "//") { action = action[2:] } // Check for build constraints only up to the actual code. pkgPos := strings.Index(t.src, "\npackage") if pkgPos == -1 { pkgPos = pos // some files are intentionally malformed } if ok, why := shouldTest(t.src[:pkgPos], goos, goarch); !ok { t.action = "skip" if *showSkips { fmt.Printf("%-20s %-20s: %s\n", t.action, t.goFileName(), why) } return } var args, flags []string wantError := false f := strings.Fields(action) if len(f) > 0 { action = f[0] args = f[1:] } switch action { case "rundircmpout": action = "rundir" t.action = "rundir" case "cmpout": action = "run" // the run case already looks for <dir>/<test>.out files fallthrough case "compile", "compiledir", "build", "run", "runoutput", "rundir": t.action = action case "errorcheck", "errorcheckdir", "errorcheckoutput": t.action = action wantError = true for len(args) > 0 && strings.HasPrefix(args[0], "-") { if args[0] == "-0" { wantError = false } else { flags = append(flags, args[0]) } args = args[1:] } case "skip": t.action = "skip" return default: t.err = skipError("skipped; unknown pattern: " + action) t.action = "??" return } t.makeTempDir() defer os.RemoveAll(t.tempDir) err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(t.tempDir, t.gofile), srcBytes, 0644) check(err) // A few tests (of things like the environment) require these to be set. if os.Getenv("GOOS") == "" { os.Setenv("GOOS", runtime.GOOS) } if os.Getenv("GOARCH") == "" { os.Setenv("GOARCH", runtime.GOARCH) } useTmp := true runcmd := func(args ...string) ([]byte, error) { cmd := exec.Command(args[0], args[1:]...) var buf bytes.Buffer cmd.Stdout = &buf cmd.Stderr = &buf if useTmp { cmd.Dir = t.tempDir cmd.Env = envForDir(cmd.Dir) } err := cmd.Run() if err != nil { err = fmt.Errorf("%s\n%s", err, buf.Bytes()) } return buf.Bytes(), err } long := filepath.Join(cwd, t.goFileName()) switch action { default: t.err = fmt.Errorf("unimplemented action %q", action) case "errorcheck": cmdline := []string{"go", "tool", "compile", "-e", "-o", "a.o"} cmdline = append(cmdline, flags...) cmdline = append(cmdline, long) out, err := runcmd(cmdline...) if wantError { if err == nil { t.err = fmt.Errorf("compilation succeeded unexpectedly\n%s", out) return } } else { if err != nil { t.err = err return } } if *updateErrors { t.updateErrors(string(out), long) } t.err = t.errorCheck(string(out), long, t.gofile) return case "compile": _, t.err = compileFile(runcmd, long) case "compiledir": // Compile all files in the directory in lexicographic order. longdir := filepath.Join(cwd, t.goDirName()) pkgs, err := goDirPackages(longdir) if err != nil { t.err = err return } for _, gofiles := range pkgs { _, t.err = compileInDir(runcmd, longdir, gofiles...) if t.err != nil { return } } case "errorcheckdir": // errorcheck all files in lexicographic order // useful for finding importing errors longdir := filepath.Join(cwd, t.goDirName()) pkgs, err := goDirPackages(longdir) if err != nil { t.err = err return } for i, gofiles := range pkgs { out, err := compileInDir(runcmd, longdir, gofiles...) if i == len(pkgs)-1 { if wantError && err == nil { t.err = fmt.Errorf("compilation succeeded unexpectedly\n%s", out) return } else if !wantError && err != nil { t.err = err return } } else if err != nil { t.err = err return } var fullshort []string for _, name := range gofiles { fullshort = append(fullshort, filepath.Join(longdir, name), name) } t.err = t.errorCheck(string(out), fullshort...) if t.err != nil { break } } case "rundir": // Compile all files in the directory in lexicographic order. // then link as if the last file is the main package and run it longdir := filepath.Join(cwd, t.goDirName()) pkgs, err := goDirPackages(longdir) if err != nil { t.err = err return } for i, gofiles := range pkgs { _, err := compileInDir(runcmd, longdir, gofiles...) if err != nil { t.err = err return } if i == len(pkgs)-1 { err = linkFile(runcmd, gofiles[0]) if err != nil { t.err = err return } var cmd []string cmd = append(cmd, findExecCmd()...) cmd = append(cmd, filepath.Join(t.tempDir, "a.exe")) cmd = append(cmd, args...) out, err := runcmd(cmd...) if err != nil { t.err = err return } if strings.Replace(string(out), "\r\n", "\n", -1) != t.expectedOutput() { t.err = fmt.Errorf("incorrect output\n%s", out) } } } case "build": _, err := runcmd("go", "build", "-o", "a.exe", long) if err != nil { t.err = err } case "run": useTmp = false out, err := runcmd(append([]string{"go", "run", t.goFileName()}, args...)...) if err != nil { t.err = err return } if strings.Replace(string(out), "\r\n", "\n", -1) != t.expectedOutput() { t.err = fmt.Errorf("incorrect output\n%s", out) } case "runoutput": rungatec <- true defer func() { <-rungatec }() useTmp = false out, err := runcmd(append([]string{"go", "run", t.goFileName()}, args...)...) if err != nil { t.err = err return } tfile := filepath.Join(t.tempDir, "tmp__.go") if err := ioutil.WriteFile(tfile, out, 0666); err != nil { t.err = fmt.Errorf("write tempfile:%s", err) return } out, err = runcmd("go", "run", tfile) if err != nil { t.err = err return } if string(out) != t.expectedOutput() { t.err = fmt.Errorf("incorrect output\n%s", out) } case "errorcheckoutput": useTmp = false out, err := runcmd(append([]string{"go", "run", t.goFileName()}, args...)...) if err != nil { t.err = err return } tfile := filepath.Join(t.tempDir, "tmp__.go") err = ioutil.WriteFile(tfile, out, 0666) if err != nil { t.err = fmt.Errorf("write tempfile:%s", err) return } cmdline := []string{"go", "tool", "compile", "-e", "-o", "a.o"} cmdline = append(cmdline, flags...) cmdline = append(cmdline, tfile) out, err = runcmd(cmdline...) if wantError { if err == nil { t.err = fmt.Errorf("compilation succeeded unexpectedly\n%s", out) return } } else { if err != nil { t.err = err return } } t.err = t.errorCheck(string(out), tfile, "tmp__.go") return } } var execCmd []string func findExecCmd() []string { if execCmd != nil { return execCmd } execCmd = []string{} // avoid work the second time if goos == runtime.GOOS && goarch == runtime.GOARCH { return execCmd } path, err := exec.LookPath(fmt.Sprintf("go_%s_%s_exec", goos, goarch)) if err == nil { execCmd = []string{path} } return execCmd } func (t *test) String() string { return filepath.Join(t.dir, t.gofile) } func (t *test) makeTempDir() { var err error t.tempDir, err = ioutil.TempDir("", "") check(err) } func (t *test) expectedOutput() string { filename := filepath.Join(t.dir, t.gofile) filename = filename[:len(filename)-len(".go")] filename += ".out" b, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(filename) return string(b) } func splitOutput(out string) []string { // gc error messages continue onto additional lines with leading tabs. // Split the output at the beginning of each line that doesn't begin with a tab. // <autogenerated> lines are impossible to match so those are filtered out. var res []string for _, line := range strings.Split(out, "\n") { if strings.HasSuffix(line, "\r") { // remove '\r', output by compiler on windows line = line[:len(line)-1] } if strings.HasPrefix(line, "\t") { res[len(res)-1] += "\n" + line } else if strings.HasPrefix(line, "go tool") || strings.HasPrefix(line, "<autogenerated>") { continue } else if strings.TrimSpace(line) != "" { res = append(res, line) } } return res } func (t *test) errorCheck(outStr string, fullshort ...string) (err error) { defer func() { if *verbose && err != nil { log.Printf("%s gc output:\n%s", t, outStr) } }() var errs []error out := splitOutput(outStr) // Cut directory name. for i := range out { for j := 0; j < len(fullshort); j += 2 { full, short := fullshort[j], fullshort[j+1] out[i] = strings.Replace(out[i], full, short, -1) } } var want []wantedError for j := 0; j < len(fullshort); j += 2 { full, short := fullshort[j], fullshort[j+1] want = append(want, t.wantedErrors(full, short)...) } for _, we := range want { var errmsgs []string errmsgs, out = partitionStrings(we.prefix, out) if len(errmsgs) == 0 { errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("%s:%d: missing error %q", we.file, we.lineNum, we.reStr)) continue } matched := false n := len(out) for _, errmsg := range errmsgs { if we.re.MatchString(errmsg) { matched = true } else { out = append(out, errmsg) } } if !matched { errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("%s:%d: no match for %#q in:\n\t%s", we.file, we.lineNum, we.reStr, strings.Join(out[n:], "\n\t"))) continue } } if len(out) > 0 { errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("Unmatched Errors:")) for _, errLine := range out { errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("%s", errLine)) } } if len(errs) == 0 { return nil } if len(errs) == 1 { return errs[0] } var buf bytes.Buffer fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "\n") for _, err := range errs { fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s\n", err.Error()) } return errors.New(buf.String()) } func (t *test) updateErrors(out string, file string) { // Read in source file. src, err := ioutil.ReadFile(file) if err != nil { fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err) return } lines := strings.Split(string(src), "\n") // Remove old errors. for i, ln := range lines { pos := strings.Index(ln, " // ERROR ") if pos >= 0 { lines[i] = ln[:pos] } } // Parse new errors. errors := make(map[int]map[string]bool) tmpRe := regexp.MustCompile(`autotmp_[0-9]+`) for _, errStr := range splitOutput(out) { colon1 := strings.Index(errStr, ":") if colon1 < 0 || errStr[:colon1] != file { continue } colon2 := strings.Index(errStr[colon1+1:], ":") if colon2 < 0 { continue } colon2 += colon1 + 1 line, err := strconv.Atoi(errStr[colon1+1 : colon2]) line-- if err != nil || line < 0 || line >= len(lines) { continue } msg := errStr[colon2+2:] for _, r := range []string{`\`, `*`, `+`, `[`, `]`, `(`, `)`} { msg = strings.Replace(msg, r, `\`+r, -1) } msg = strings.Replace(msg, `"`, `.`, -1) msg = tmpRe.ReplaceAllLiteralString(msg, `autotmp_[0-9]+`) if errors[line] == nil { errors[line] = make(map[string]bool) } errors[line][msg] = true } // Add new errors. for line, errs := range errors { var sorted []string for e := range errs { sorted = append(sorted, e) } sort.Strings(sorted) lines[line] += " // ERROR" for _, e := range sorted { lines[line] += fmt.Sprintf(` "%s$"`, e) } } // Write new file. err = ioutil.WriteFile(file, []byte(strings.Join(lines, "\n")), 0640) if err != nil { fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err) return } // Polish. exec.Command("go", "fmt", file).CombinedOutput() } // matchPrefix reports whether s is of the form ^(.*/)?prefix(:|[), // That is, it needs the file name prefix followed by a : or a [, // and possibly preceded by a directory name. func matchPrefix(s, prefix string) bool { i := strings.Index(s, ":") if i < 0 { return false } j := strings.LastIndex(s[:i], "/") s = s[j+1:] if len(s) <= len(prefix) || s[:len(prefix)] != prefix { return false } switch s[len(prefix)] { case '[', ':': return true } return false } func partitionStrings(prefix string, strs []string) (matched, unmatched []string) { for _, s := range strs { if matchPrefix(s, prefix) { matched = append(matched, s) } else { unmatched = append(unmatched, s) } } return } type wantedError struct { reStr string re *regexp.Regexp lineNum int file string prefix string } var ( errRx = regexp.MustCompile(`// (?:GC_)?ERROR (.*)`) errQuotesRx = regexp.MustCompile(`"([^"]*)"`) lineRx = regexp.MustCompile(`LINE(([+-])([0-9]+))?`) ) func (t *test) wantedErrors(file, short string) (errs []wantedError) { cache := make(map[string]*regexp.Regexp) src, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(file) for i, line := range strings.Split(string(src), "\n") { lineNum := i + 1 if strings.Contains(line, "////") { // double comment disables ERROR continue } m := errRx.FindStringSubmatch(line) if m == nil { continue } all := m[1] mm := errQuotesRx.FindAllStringSubmatch(all, -1) if mm == nil { log.Fatalf("%s:%d: invalid errchk line: %s", t.goFileName(), lineNum, line) } for _, m := range mm { rx := lineRx.ReplaceAllStringFunc(m[1], func(m string) string { n := lineNum if strings.HasPrefix(m, "LINE+") { delta, _ := strconv.Atoi(m[5:]) n += delta } else if strings.HasPrefix(m, "LINE-") { delta, _ := strconv.Atoi(m[5:]) n -= delta } return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", short, n) }) re := cache[rx] if re == nil { var err error re, err = regexp.Compile(rx) if err != nil { log.Fatalf("%s:%d: invalid regexp \"%s\" in ERROR line: %v", t.goFileName(), lineNum, rx, err) } cache[rx] = re } prefix := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", short, lineNum) errs = append(errs, wantedError{ reStr: rx, re: re, prefix: prefix, lineNum: lineNum, file: short, }) } } return } // defaultRunOutputLimit returns the number of runoutput tests that // can be executed in parallel. func defaultRunOutputLimit() int { const maxArmCPU = 2 cpu := runtime.NumCPU() if runtime.GOARCH == "arm" && cpu > maxArmCPU { cpu = maxArmCPU } return cpu } // checkShouldTest runs sanity checks on the shouldTest function. func checkShouldTest() { assert := func(ok bool, _ string) { if !ok { panic("fail") } } assertNot := func(ok bool, _ string) { assert(!ok, "") } // Simple tests. assert(shouldTest("// +build linux", "linux", "arm")) assert(shouldTest("// +build !windows", "linux", "arm")) assertNot(shouldTest("// +build !windows", "windows", "amd64")) // A file with no build tags will always be tested. assert(shouldTest("// This is a test.", "os", "arch")) // Build tags separated by a space are OR-ed together. assertNot(shouldTest("// +build arm 386", "linux", "amd64")) // Build tags separated by a comma are AND-ed together. assertNot(shouldTest("// +build !windows,!plan9", "windows", "amd64")) assertNot(shouldTest("// +build !windows,!plan9", "plan9", "386")) // Build tags on multiple lines are AND-ed together. assert(shouldTest("// +build !windows\n// +build amd64", "linux", "amd64")) assertNot(shouldTest("// +build !windows\n// +build amd64", "windows", "amd64")) // Test that (!a OR !b) matches anything. assert(shouldTest("// +build !windows !plan9", "windows", "amd64")) } // envForDir returns a copy of the environment // suitable for running in the given directory. // The environment is the current process's environment // but with an updated $PWD, so that an os.Getwd in the // child will be faster. func envForDir(dir string) []string { env := os.Environ() for i, kv := range env { if strings.HasPrefix(kv, "PWD=") { env[i] = "PWD=" + dir return env } } env = append(env, "PWD="+dir) return env } func getenv(key, def string) string { value := os.Getenv(key) if value != "" { return value } return def }