/* -*- mode: C; c-basic-offset: 3; -*- */ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/ /*--- File- and socket-related libc stuff. m_libcfile.c ---*/ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/ /* This file is part of Valgrind, a dynamic binary instrumentation framework. Copyright (C) 2000-2015 Julian Seward jseward@acm.org This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. The GNU General Public License is contained in the file COPYING. */ #include "pub_core_basics.h" #include "pub_core_vki.h" #include "pub_core_vkiscnums.h" #include "pub_core_debuglog.h" #include "pub_core_libcbase.h" #include "pub_core_libcassert.h" #include "pub_core_libcfile.h" #include "pub_core_libcprint.h" // VG_(sprintf) #include "pub_core_libcproc.h" // VG_(getpid), VG_(getppid) #include "pub_core_clientstate.h" // VG_(fd_hard_limit) #include "pub_core_mallocfree.h" // VG_(realloc) #include "pub_core_syscall.h" /* IMPORTANT: on Darwin it is essential to use the _nocancel versions of syscalls rather than the vanilla version, if a _nocancel version is available. See docs/internals/Darwin-notes.txt for the reason why. */ /* --------------------------------------------------------------------- File stuff ------------------------------------------------------------------ */ /* Move an fd into the Valgrind-safe range */ Int VG_(safe_fd)(Int oldfd) { Int newfd; vg_assert(VG_(fd_hard_limit) != -1); newfd = VG_(fcntl)(oldfd, VKI_F_DUPFD, VG_(fd_hard_limit)); if (newfd != -1) VG_(close)(oldfd); /* Set the close-on-exec flag for this fd. */ VG_(fcntl)(newfd, VKI_F_SETFD, VKI_FD_CLOEXEC); vg_assert(newfd >= VG_(fd_hard_limit)); return newfd; } /* Given a file descriptor, attempt to deduce its filename. To do this, we use /proc/self/fd/<FD>. If this doesn't point to a file, or if it doesn't exist, we return False. Upon successful completion *result contains the filename. The filename will be overwritten with the next invocation so callers need to copy the filename if needed. *result is NULL if the filename cannot be deduced. */ Bool VG_(resolve_filename) ( Int fd, const HChar** result ) { # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) static HChar *buf = NULL; static SizeT bufsiz = 0; if (buf == NULL) { // first time bufsiz = 500; buf = VG_(malloc)("resolve_filename", bufsiz); } HChar tmp[64]; // large enough { # if defined(VGO_linux) VG_(sprintf)(tmp, "/proc/self/fd/%d", fd); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) VG_(sprintf)(tmp, "/proc/self/path/%d", fd); # endif } while (42) { SSizeT res = VG_(readlink)(tmp, buf, bufsiz); if (res < 0) break; if (res == bufsiz) { // buffer too small; increase and retry bufsiz += 500; buf = VG_(realloc)("resolve_filename", buf, bufsiz); continue; } vg_assert(bufsiz > res); // paranoia if (buf[0] != '/') break; buf[res] = '\0'; *result = buf; return True; } // Failure *result = NULL; return False; # elif defined(VGO_darwin) HChar tmp[VKI_MAXPATHLEN+1]; if (0 == VG_(fcntl)(fd, VKI_F_GETPATH, (UWord)tmp)) { static HChar *buf = NULL; if (buf == NULL) buf = VG_(malloc)("resolve_filename", VKI_MAXPATHLEN+1); VG_(strcpy)( buf, tmp ); *result = buf; if (buf[0] == '/') return True; } // Failure *result = NULL; return False; # else # error Unknown OS # endif } SysRes VG_(mknod) ( const HChar* pathname, Int mode, UWord dev ) { # if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) /* ARM64 wants to use __NR_mknodat rather than __NR_mknod. */ SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_mknodat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)pathname, mode, dev); # elif defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_mknod, (UWord)pathname, mode, dev); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_mknodat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)pathname, mode, dev); # else # error Unknown OS # endif return res; } SysRes VG_(open) ( const HChar* pathname, Int flags, Int mode ) { # if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) /* ARM64 wants to use __NR_openat rather than __NR_open. */ SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_openat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)pathname, flags, mode); # elif defined(VGO_linux) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_open, (UWord)pathname, flags, mode); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_open_nocancel, (UWord)pathname, flags, mode); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_openat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)pathname, flags, mode); # else # error Unknown OS # endif return res; } Int VG_(fd_open) (const HChar* pathname, Int flags, Int mode) { SysRes sr; sr = VG_(open) (pathname, flags, mode); if (sr_isError (sr)) return -1; else return sr_Res (sr); } void VG_(close) ( Int fd ) { /* Hmm. Return value is not checked. That's uncool. */ # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) (void)VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_close, fd); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) (void)VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_close_nocancel, fd); # else # error Unknown OS # endif } Int VG_(read) ( Int fd, void* buf, Int count) { Int ret; # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_read, fd, (UWord)buf, count); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_read_nocancel, fd, (UWord)buf, count); # else # error Unknown OS # endif if (sr_isError(res)) { ret = - (Int)(Word)sr_Err(res); vg_assert(ret < 0); } else { ret = (Int)(Word)sr_Res(res); vg_assert(ret >= 0); } return ret; } Int VG_(write) ( Int fd, const void* buf, Int count) { Int ret; # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_write, fd, (UWord)buf, count); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_write_nocancel, fd, (UWord)buf, count); # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif if (sr_isError(res)) { ret = - (Int)(Word)sr_Err(res); vg_assert(ret < 0); } else { ret = (Int)(Word)sr_Res(res); vg_assert(ret >= 0); } return ret; } Int VG_(pipe) ( Int fd[2] ) { # if defined(VGP_mips32_linux) || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) /* __NR_pipe has a strange return convention on mips32-linux. */ SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_pipe, (UWord)fd); if (!sr_isError(res)) { fd[0] = (Int)sr_Res(res); fd[1] = (Int)sr_ResEx(res); return 0; } else { return -1; } # elif defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_pipe2, (UWord)fd, 0); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : 0; # elif defined(VGO_linux) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_pipe, (UWord)fd); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : 0; # elif defined(VGO_darwin) /* __NR_pipe is UX64, so produces a double-word result */ SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_pipe); if (!sr_isError(res)) { fd[0] = (Int)sr_Res(res); fd[1] = (Int)sr_ResHI(res); } return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : 0; # elif defined(VGO_solaris) # if defined(SOLARIS_NEW_PIPE_SYSCALL) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_pipe, (UWord)fd, 0); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : 0; # else SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall0)(__NR_pipe); if (!sr_isError(res)) { fd[0] = (Int)sr_Res(res); fd[1] = (Int)sr_ResHI(res); } return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : 0; # endif # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif } Off64T VG_(lseek) ( Int fd, Off64T offset, Int whence ) { # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGP_amd64_darwin) # if defined(__NR__llseek) Off64T result; SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR__llseek, fd, offset >> 32, offset & 0xffffffff, (UWord)&result, whence); return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : result; # else SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_lseek, fd, offset, whence); vg_assert(sizeof(Off64T) == sizeof(Word)); return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : sr_Res(res); # endif # elif defined(VGP_x86_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_lseek, fd, offset & 0xffffffff, offset >> 32, whence); return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_x86_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_llseek, fd, offset & 0xffffffff, offset >> 32, whence); return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : ((ULong)sr_ResHI(res) << 32 | sr_Res(res)); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_lseek, fd, offset, whence); vg_assert(sizeof(Off64T) == sizeof(Word)); return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : sr_Res(res); # else # error "Unknown plat" # endif /* if you change the error-reporting conventions of this, also change all usage points. */ } /* stat/fstat support. It's uggerly. We have impedance-match into a 'struct vg_stat' in order to have a single structure that callers can use consistently on all platforms. */ #define TRANSLATE_TO_vg_stat(_p_vgstat, _p_vkistat) \ do { \ (_p_vgstat)->dev = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_dev ); \ (_p_vgstat)->ino = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_ino ); \ (_p_vgstat)->nlink = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_nlink ); \ (_p_vgstat)->mode = (UInt) ( (_p_vkistat)->st_mode ); \ (_p_vgstat)->uid = (UInt) ( (_p_vkistat)->st_uid ); \ (_p_vgstat)->gid = (UInt) ( (_p_vkistat)->st_gid ); \ (_p_vgstat)->rdev = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_rdev ); \ (_p_vgstat)->size = (Long) ( (_p_vkistat)->st_size ); \ (_p_vgstat)->blksize = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_blksize ); \ (_p_vgstat)->blocks = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_blocks ); \ (_p_vgstat)->atime = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_atime ); \ (_p_vgstat)->atime_nsec = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_atime_nsec ); \ (_p_vgstat)->mtime = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_mtime ); \ (_p_vgstat)->mtime_nsec = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_mtime_nsec ); \ (_p_vgstat)->ctime = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_ctime ); \ (_p_vgstat)->ctime_nsec = (ULong)( (_p_vkistat)->st_ctime_nsec ); \ } while (0) SysRes VG_(stat) ( const HChar* file_name, struct vg_stat* vgbuf ) { SysRes res; VG_(memset)(vgbuf, 0, sizeof(*vgbuf)); # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) /* First try with stat64. If that doesn't work out, fall back to the vanilla version. */ # if defined(__NR_stat64) { struct vki_stat64 buf64; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_stat64, (UWord)file_name, (UWord)&buf64); if (!(sr_isError(res) && sr_Err(res) == VKI_ENOSYS)) { /* Success, or any failure except ENOSYS */ if (!sr_isError(res)) TRANSLATE_TO_vg_stat(vgbuf, &buf64); return res; } } # endif /* defined(__NR_stat64) */ /* This is the fallback ("vanilla version"). */ { struct vki_stat buf; # if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR3264_fstatat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)file_name, (UWord)&buf); # else res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_stat, (UWord)file_name, (UWord)&buf); # endif if (!sr_isError(res)) TRANSLATE_TO_vg_stat(vgbuf, &buf); return res; } # elif defined(VGO_solaris) { # if defined(VGP_x86_solaris) struct vki_stat64 buf64; res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_fstatat64, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)file_name, (UWord)&buf64, 0); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_solaris) struct vki_stat buf64; res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_fstatat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)file_name, (UWord)&buf64, 0); # else # error "Unknown platform" # endif if (!sr_isError(res)) TRANSLATE_TO_vg_stat(vgbuf, &buf64); return res; } # else # error Unknown OS # endif } Int VG_(fstat) ( Int fd, struct vg_stat* vgbuf ) { SysRes res; VG_(memset)(vgbuf, 0, sizeof(*vgbuf)); # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) /* First try with fstat64. If that doesn't work out, fall back to the vanilla version. */ # if defined(__NR_fstat64) { struct vki_stat64 buf64; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_fstat64, (UWord)fd, (UWord)&buf64); if (!(sr_isError(res) && sr_Err(res) == VKI_ENOSYS)) { /* Success, or any failure except ENOSYS */ if (!sr_isError(res)) TRANSLATE_TO_vg_stat(vgbuf, &buf64); return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : 0; } } # endif /* if defined(__NR_fstat64) */ { struct vki_stat buf; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_fstat, (UWord)fd, (UWord)&buf); if (!sr_isError(res)) TRANSLATE_TO_vg_stat(vgbuf, &buf); return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : 0; } # elif defined(VGO_solaris) { # if defined(VGP_x86_solaris) struct vki_stat64 buf64; res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_fstatat64, (UWord)fd, 0, (UWord)&buf64, 0); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_solaris) struct vki_stat buf64; res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_fstatat, (UWord)fd, 0, (UWord)&buf64, 0); # else # error "Unknown platform" # endif if (!sr_isError(res)) TRANSLATE_TO_vg_stat(vgbuf, &buf64); return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : 0; } # else # error Unknown OS # endif } #undef TRANSLATE_TO_vg_stat Long VG_(fsize) ( Int fd ) { struct vg_stat buf; Int res = VG_(fstat)( fd, &buf ); return (res == -1) ? (-1LL) : buf.size; } SysRes VG_(getxattr) ( const HChar* file_name, const HChar* attr_name, Addr attr_value, SizeT attr_value_len ) { SysRes res; #if defined(VGO_linux) res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_getxattr, (UWord)file_name, (UWord)attr_name, attr_value, attr_value_len); #else res = VG_(mk_SysRes_Error)(VKI_ENOSYS); #endif return res; } Bool VG_(is_dir) ( const HChar* f ) { struct vg_stat buf; SysRes res = VG_(stat)(f, &buf); return sr_isError(res) ? False : VKI_S_ISDIR(buf.mode) ? True : False; } SysRes VG_(dup) ( Int oldfd ) { # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) return VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_dup, oldfd); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) return VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_fcntl, oldfd, F_DUPFD, 0); # else # error Unknown OS # endif } SysRes VG_(dup2) ( Int oldfd, Int newfd ) { # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) return VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_dup2, oldfd, newfd); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) return VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_fcntl, oldfd, F_DUP2FD, newfd); # else # error Unknown OS # endif } /* Returns -1 on error. */ Int VG_(fcntl) ( Int fd, Int cmd, Addr arg ) { # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_fcntl, fd, cmd, arg); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_fcntl_nocancel, fd, cmd, arg); # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); } Int VG_(rename) ( const HChar* old_name, const HChar* new_name ) { # if defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_renameat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)old_name, (UWord)new_name); # elif defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_rename, (UWord)old_name, (UWord)new_name); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_renameat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)old_name, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)new_name); # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : 0; } Int VG_(unlink) ( const HChar* file_name ) { # if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_unlinkat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)file_name); # elif defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall1)(__NR_unlink, (UWord)file_name); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_unlinkat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)file_name, 0); # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif return sr_isError(res) ? (-1) : 0; } /* The working directory at startup. All that is really needed is to note the cwd at process startup. Hence VG_(record_startup_wd) notes it (in a platform dependent way) and VG_(get_startup_wd) produces the noted value. */ static HChar *startup_wd; static Bool startup_wd_acquired = False; /* Record the process' working directory at startup. Is intended to be called exactly once, at startup, before the working directory changes. Return True for success, False for failure, so that the caller can bomb out suitably without creating module cycles if there is a problem. */ Bool VG_(record_startup_wd) ( void ) { vg_assert(!startup_wd_acquired); # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) /* Simple: just ask the kernel */ SysRes res; SizeT szB = 0; do { szB += 500; startup_wd = VG_(realloc)("startup_wd", startup_wd, szB); VG_(memset)(startup_wd, 0, szB); res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_getcwd, (UWord)startup_wd, szB-1); } while (sr_isError(res)); vg_assert(startup_wd[szB-1] == 0); startup_wd_acquired = True; return True; # elif defined(VGO_darwin) /* We can't ask the kernel, so instead rely on launcher-*.c to tell us the startup path. Note the env var is keyed to the parent's PID, not ours, since our parent is the launcher process. */ { HChar envvar[100]; // large enough HChar* wd; VG_(memset)(envvar, 0, sizeof(envvar)); VG_(sprintf)(envvar, "VALGRIND_STARTUP_PWD_%d_XYZZY", (Int)VG_(getppid)()); wd = VG_(getenv)( envvar ); if (wd == NULL) return False; SizeT need = VG_(strlen)(wd) + 1; startup_wd = VG_(malloc)("startup_wd", need); VG_(strcpy)(startup_wd, wd); startup_wd_acquired = True; return True; } # else # error Unknown OS # endif } /* Return the previously acquired startup_wd. */ const HChar *VG_(get_startup_wd) ( void ) { vg_assert(startup_wd_acquired); return startup_wd; } SysRes VG_(poll) (struct vki_pollfd *fds, Int nfds, Int timeout) { SysRes res; # if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) /* ARM64 wants to use __NR_ppoll rather than __NR_poll. */ struct vki_timespec timeout_ts; if (timeout >= 0) { timeout_ts.tv_sec = timeout / 1000; timeout_ts.tv_nsec = ((long)timeout % 1000) * 1000000; } res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_ppoll, (UWord)fds, nfds, (UWord)(timeout >= 0 ? &timeout_ts : NULL), (UWord)NULL); # elif defined(VGO_linux) res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_poll, (UWord)fds, nfds, timeout); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_poll_nocancel, (UWord)fds, nfds, timeout); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) struct vki_timespec ts; struct vki_timespec *tsp; if (timeout < 0) tsp = NULL; else { ts.tv_sec = timeout / 1000; ts.tv_nsec = (timeout % 1000) * 1000000; tsp = &ts; } res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_pollsys, (UWord)fds, nfds, (UWord)tsp, 0); # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif return res; } /* Performs the readlink operation and puts the result into 'buf'. Note, that the string in 'buf' is *not* null-terminated. The function returns the number of characters put into 'buf' or -1 if an error occurred. */ SSizeT VG_(readlink) (const HChar* path, HChar* buf, SizeT bufsiz) { SysRes res; /* res = readlink( path, buf, bufsiz ); */ # if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_readlinkat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)path, (UWord)buf, bufsiz); # elif defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_readlink, (UWord)path, (UWord)buf, bufsiz); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_readlinkat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)path, (UWord)buf, bufsiz); # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); } #if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_solaris) Int VG_(getdents64) (Int fd, struct vki_dirent64 *dirp, UInt count) { SysRes res; /* res = getdents( fd, dirp, count ); */ # if defined(VGP_amd64_solaris) /* This silently assumes that dirent64 and dirent on amd64 are same, which they should always be. */ res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_getdents, fd, (UWord)dirp, count); # else res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_getdents64, fd, (UWord)dirp, count); # endif return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); } #endif /* Check accessibility of a file. Returns zero for access granted, nonzero otherwise. */ Int VG_(access) ( const HChar* path, Bool irusr, Bool iwusr, Bool ixusr ) { # if defined(VGO_linux) /* Very annoyingly, I cannot find any definition for R_OK et al in the kernel interfaces. Therefore I reluctantly resort to hardwiring in these magic numbers that I determined by experimentation. */ # define VKI_R_OK 4 # define VKI_W_OK 2 # define VKI_X_OK 1 # endif UWord w = (irusr ? VKI_R_OK : 0) | (iwusr ? VKI_W_OK : 0) | (ixusr ? VKI_X_OK : 0); # if defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_faccessat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)path, w); # elif defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_access, (UWord)path, w); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_faccessat, VKI_AT_FDCWD, (UWord)path, w, 0); # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif return sr_isError(res) ? 1 : 0; # if defined(VGO_linux) # undef VKI_R_OK # undef VKI_W_OK # undef VKI_X_OK # endif } /* Emulate the normal Unix permissions checking algorithm. If owner matches, then use the owner permissions, else if group matches, then use the group permissions, else use other permissions. Note that we can't deal properly with SUID/SGID. By default (allow_setuid == False), we refuse to run them (otherwise the executable may misbehave if it doesn't have the permissions it thinks it does). However, the caller may indicate that setuid executables are allowed, for example if we are going to exec them but not trace into them (iow, client sys_execve when clo_trace_children == False). If VKI_EACCES is returned (iow, permission was refused), then *is_setuid is set to True iff permission was refused because the executable is setuid. */ /* returns: 0 = success, non-0 is failure */ Int VG_(check_executable)(/*OUT*/Bool* is_setuid, const HChar* f, Bool allow_setuid) { struct vg_stat st; SysRes res = VG_(stat)(f, &st); if (is_setuid) *is_setuid = False; if (sr_isError(res)) { return sr_Err(res); } if ( VKI_S_ISDIR (st.mode) ) { return VKI_EACCES; } if ( (st.mode & (VKI_S_ISUID | VKI_S_ISGID)) && !allow_setuid ) { if (is_setuid) *is_setuid = True; return VKI_EACCES; } res = VG_(getxattr)(f, "security.capability", (Addr)0, 0); if (!sr_isError(res) && !allow_setuid) { if (is_setuid) *is_setuid = True; return VKI_EACCES; } if (VG_(geteuid)() == st.uid) { if (!(st.mode & VKI_S_IXUSR)) return VKI_EACCES; } else { Int grpmatch = 0; if (VG_(getegid)() == st.gid) grpmatch = 1; else { UInt *groups = NULL; Int ngrp; /* Find out # groups, allocate large enough array and fetch groups */ ngrp = VG_(getgroups)(0, NULL); if (ngrp != -1) { groups = VG_(malloc)("check_executable", ngrp * sizeof *groups); ngrp = VG_(getgroups)(ngrp, groups); } Int i; /* ngrp will be -1 if VG_(getgroups) failed. */ for (i = 0; i < ngrp; i++) { if (groups[i] == st.gid) { grpmatch = 1; break; } } VG_(free)(groups); } if (grpmatch) { if (!(st.mode & VKI_S_IXGRP)) { return VKI_EACCES; } } else if (!(st.mode & VKI_S_IXOTH)) { return VKI_EACCES; } } return 0; } SysRes VG_(pread) ( Int fd, void* buf, Int count, OffT offset ) { SysRes res; // on 32 bits platforms, we receive a 32 bits OffT but // we must extend it to pass a long long 64 bits. # if defined(VGP_x86_linux) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 4); res = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR_pread64, fd, (UWord)buf, count, offset, 0); // Little endian long long return res; # elif defined(VGP_arm_linux) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 4); res = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR_pread64, fd, (UWord)buf, count, 0, offset); // Big endian long long return res; # elif defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 4); res = VG_(do_syscall6)(__NR_pread64, fd, (UWord)buf, count, 0, // Padding needed on PPC32 0, offset); // Big endian long long return res; # elif defined(VGP_mips32_linux) && (VKI_LITTLE_ENDIAN) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 4); res = VG_(do_syscall6)(__NR_pread64, fd, (UWord)buf, count, 0, offset, 0); return res; # elif defined(VGP_mips32_linux) && (VKI_BIG_ENDIAN) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 4); res = VG_(do_syscall6)(__NR_pread64, fd, (UWord)buf, count, 0, 0, offset); return res; # elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_s390x_linux) \ || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) \ || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_pread64, fd, (UWord)buf, count, offset); return res; # elif defined(VGP_amd64_darwin) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 8); res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_pread_nocancel, fd, (UWord)buf, count, offset); return res; # elif defined(VGP_x86_darwin) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 8); res = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR_pread_nocancel, fd, (UWord)buf, count, offset & 0xffffffff, offset >> 32); return res; # elif defined(VGP_x86_solaris) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 4); res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_pread, fd, (UWord)buf, count, offset); return res; # elif defined(VGP_amd64_solaris) vg_assert(sizeof(OffT) == 8); res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_pread, fd, (UWord)buf, count, offset); return res; # else # error "Unknown platform" # endif } /* Return the name of a directory for temporary files. */ const HChar *VG_(tmpdir)(void) { const HChar *tmpdir; tmpdir = VG_(getenv)("TMPDIR"); if (tmpdir == NULL || *tmpdir == '\0') tmpdir = VG_TMPDIR; if (tmpdir == NULL || *tmpdir == '\0') tmpdir = "/tmp"; /* fallback */ return tmpdir; } static const HChar mkstemp_format[] = "%s/valgrind_%s_%08x"; SizeT VG_(mkstemp_fullname_bufsz) ( SizeT part_of_name_len ) { return VG_(strlen)(mkstemp_format) + VG_(strlen)(VG_(tmpdir)()) - 2 // %s tmpdir + part_of_name_len - 2 // %s part_of_name + 8 - 4 // %08x + 1; // trailing 0 } Int VG_(mkstemp) ( const HChar* part_of_name, /*OUT*/HChar* fullname ) { Int n, tries; UInt seed; SysRes sres; const HChar *tmpdir; vg_assert(part_of_name); vg_assert(fullname); n = VG_(strlen)(part_of_name); vg_assert(n > 0 && n < 100); seed = (VG_(getpid)() << 9) ^ VG_(getppid)(); /* Determine sensible location for temporary files */ tmpdir = VG_(tmpdir)(); tries = 0; while (True) { if (tries++ > 10) return -1; VG_(sprintf)( fullname, mkstemp_format, tmpdir, part_of_name, VG_(random)( &seed )); if (0) VG_(printf)("VG_(mkstemp): trying: %s\n", fullname); sres = VG_(open)(fullname, VKI_O_CREAT|VKI_O_RDWR|VKI_O_EXCL|VKI_O_TRUNC, VKI_S_IRUSR|VKI_S_IWUSR); if (sr_isError(sres)) { VG_(umsg)("VG_(mkstemp): failed to create temp file: %s\n", fullname); continue; } /* VG_(safe_fd) doesn't return if it fails. */ return VG_(safe_fd)( sr_Res(sres) ); } /* NOTREACHED */ } /* --------------------------------------------------------------------- Socket-related stuff. ------------------------------------------------------------------ */ static Int parse_inet_addr_and_port ( const HChar* str, UInt* ip_addr, UShort* port ); static Int my_connect ( Int sockfd, struct vki_sockaddr_in* serv_addr, Int addrlen ); UInt VG_(htonl) ( UInt x ) { # if defined(VG_BIGENDIAN) return x; # else return (((x >> 24) & 0xFF) << 0) | (((x >> 16) & 0xFF) << 8) | (((x >> 8) & 0xFF) << 16) | (((x >> 0) & 0xFF) << 24); # endif } UInt VG_(ntohl) ( UInt x ) { # if defined(VG_BIGENDIAN) return x; # else return (((x >> 24) & 0xFF) << 0) | (((x >> 16) & 0xFF) << 8) | (((x >> 8) & 0xFF) << 16) | (((x >> 0) & 0xFF) << 24); # endif } UShort VG_(htons) ( UShort x ) { # if defined(VG_BIGENDIAN) return x; # else return (((x >> 8) & 0xFF) << 0) | (((x >> 0) & 0xFF) << 8); # endif } UShort VG_(ntohs) ( UShort x ) { # if defined(VG_BIGENDIAN) return x; # else return (((x >> 8) & 0xFF) << 0) | (((x >> 0) & 0xFF) << 8); # endif } /* The main function. Supplied string contains either an ip address "192.168.0.1" or an ip address and port pair, "192.168.0.1:1500". Parse these, and return: -1 if there is a parse error -2 if no parse error, but specified host:port cannot be opened the relevant file (socket) descriptor, otherwise. is used. */ Int VG_(connect_via_socket)( const HChar* str ) { # if defined(VGO_linux) || defined(VGO_darwin) || defined(VGO_solaris) Int sd, res; struct vki_sockaddr_in servAddr; UInt ip = 0; UShort port = VG_CLO_DEFAULT_LOGPORT; Bool ok = parse_inet_addr_and_port(str, &ip, &port); if (!ok) return -1; //if (0) // VG_(printf)("ip = %d.%d.%d.%d, port %d\n", // (ip >> 24) & 0xFF, (ip >> 16) & 0xFF, // (ip >> 8) & 0xFF, ip & 0xFF, // (UInt)port ); servAddr.sin_family = VKI_AF_INET; servAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = VG_(htonl)(ip); servAddr.sin_port = VG_(htons)(port); /* create socket */ sd = VG_(socket)(VKI_AF_INET, VKI_SOCK_STREAM, 0 /* IPPROTO_IP ? */); if (sd < 0) { /* this shouldn't happen ... nevertheless */ return -2; } /* connect to server */ res = my_connect(sd, &servAddr, sizeof(servAddr)); if (res < 0) { /* connection failed */ return -2; } return sd; # else # error "Unknown OS" # endif } /* Let d = one or more digits. Accept either: d.d.d.d or d.d.d.d:d */ static Int parse_inet_addr_and_port ( const HChar* str, UInt* ip_addr, UShort* port ) { # define GET_CH ((*str) ? (*str++) : 0) UInt ipa, i, j, c, any; ipa = 0; for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) { j = 0; any = 0; while (1) { c = GET_CH; if (c < '0' || c > '9') break; j = 10 * j + (int)(c - '0'); any = 1; } if (any == 0 || j > 255) goto syntaxerr; ipa = (ipa << 8) + j; if (i <= 2 && c != '.') goto syntaxerr; } if (c == 0 || c == ':') *ip_addr = ipa; if (c == 0) goto ok; if (c != ':') goto syntaxerr; j = 0; any = 0; while (1) { c = GET_CH; if (c < '0' || c > '9') break; j = j * 10 + (int)(c - '0'); any = 1; if (j > 65535) goto syntaxerr; } if (any == 0 || c != 0) goto syntaxerr; if (j < 1024) goto syntaxerr; *port = (UShort)j; ok: return 1; syntaxerr: return 0; # undef GET_CH } // GrP fixme safe_fd? Int VG_(socket) ( Int domain, Int type, Int protocol ) { # if defined(VGP_x86_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) \ || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux) \ || defined(VGP_s390x_linux) SysRes res; UWord args[3]; args[0] = domain; args[1] = type; args[2] = protocol; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_socketcall, VKI_SYS_SOCKET, (UWord)&args); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips32_linux) || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) \ || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_socket, domain, type, protocol ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_socket, domain, type, protocol); if (!sr_isError(res)) { // Set SO_NOSIGPIPE so write() returns EPIPE instead of raising SIGPIPE Int optval = 1; SysRes res2; res2 = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR_setsockopt, sr_Res(res), VKI_SOL_SOCKET, VKI_SO_NOSIGPIPE, (UWord)&optval, sizeof(optval)); // ignore setsockopt() error } return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) /* XXX There doesn't seem to be an easy way to convince the send syscall to only return EPIPE instead of raising SIGPIPE. EPIPE is only returned if SM_KERNEL is set on the socket. Without serious hackery it looks we can't set this flag. Should we wrap the send syscall below into sigprocmask calls to block SIGPIPE? */ SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall5)(__NR_so_socket, domain, type, protocol, 0 /*devpath*/, VKI_SOV_DEFAULT /*version*/); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # else # error "Unknown arch" # endif } static Int my_connect ( Int sockfd, struct vki_sockaddr_in* serv_addr, Int addrlen ) { # if defined(VGP_x86_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) \ || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux) \ || defined(VGP_s390x_linux) SysRes res; UWord args[3]; args[0] = sockfd; args[1] = (UWord)serv_addr; args[2] = addrlen; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_socketcall, VKI_SYS_CONNECT, (UWord)&args); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips32_linux) || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) \ || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_connect, sockfd, (UWord)serv_addr, addrlen); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_connect_nocancel, sockfd, (UWord)serv_addr, addrlen); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_connect, sockfd, (UWord)serv_addr, addrlen, VKI_SOV_DEFAULT /*version*/); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # else # error "Unknown arch" # endif } Int VG_(write_socket)( Int sd, const void *msg, Int count ) { /* This is actually send(). */ /* For Linux, VKI_MSG_NOSIGNAL is a request not to send SIGPIPE on errors on stream oriented sockets when the other end breaks the connection. The EPIPE error is still returned. For Darwin, VG_(socket)() sets SO_NOSIGPIPE to get EPIPE instead of SIGPIPE */ # if defined(VGP_x86_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) \ || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux) \ || defined(VGP_s390x_linux) SysRes res; UWord args[4]; args[0] = sd; args[1] = (UWord)msg; args[2] = count; args[3] = VKI_MSG_NOSIGNAL; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_socketcall, VKI_SYS_SEND, (UWord)&args); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips32_linux) || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) \ || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall6)(__NR_sendto, sd, (UWord)msg, count, VKI_MSG_NOSIGNAL, 0,0); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_x86_darwin) || defined(VGP_amd64_darwin) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)(__NR_write_nocancel, sd, (UWord)msg, count); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_send, sd, (UWord)msg, count, 0 /*flags*/); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # else # error "Unknown platform" # endif } Int VG_(getsockname) ( Int sd, struct vki_sockaddr *name, Int *namelen) { # if defined(VGP_x86_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) \ || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux) \ || defined(VGP_s390x_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips32_linux) SysRes res; UWord args[3]; args[0] = sd; args[1] = (UWord)name; args[2] = (UWord)namelen; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_socketcall, VKI_SYS_GETSOCKNAME, (UWord)&args); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) \ || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)( __NR_getsockname, (UWord)sd, (UWord)name, (UWord)namelen ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)( __NR_getsockname, (UWord)sd, (UWord)name, (UWord)namelen ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_getsockname, sd, (UWord)name, (UWord)namelen, VKI_SOV_DEFAULT /*version*/); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # else # error "Unknown platform" # endif } Int VG_(getpeername) ( Int sd, struct vki_sockaddr *name, Int *namelen) { # if defined(VGP_x86_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) \ || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux) \ || defined(VGP_s390x_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips32_linux) SysRes res; UWord args[3]; args[0] = sd; args[1] = (UWord)name; args[2] = (UWord)namelen; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_socketcall, VKI_SYS_GETPEERNAME, (UWord)&args); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) \ || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)( __NR_getpeername, (UWord)sd, (UWord)name, (UWord)namelen ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall3)( __NR_getpeername, (UWord)sd, (UWord)name, (UWord)namelen ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall4)(__NR_getpeername, sd, (UWord)name, (UWord)namelen, VKI_SOV_DEFAULT /*version*/); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # else # error "Unknown platform" # endif } Int VG_(getsockopt) ( Int sd, Int level, Int optname, void *optval, Int *optlen) { # if defined(VGP_x86_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) \ || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux) \ || defined(VGP_s390x_linux) SysRes res; UWord args[5]; args[0] = sd; args[1] = level; args[2] = optname; args[3] = (UWord)optval; args[4] = (UWord)optlen; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_socketcall, VKI_SYS_GETSOCKOPT, (UWord)&args); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips32_linux) || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) \ || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall5)( __NR_getsockopt, (UWord)sd, (UWord)level, (UWord)optname, (UWord)optval, (UWord)optlen ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall5)( __NR_getsockopt, (UWord)sd, (UWord)level, (UWord)optname, (UWord)optval, (UWord)optlen ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall6)(__NR_getsockopt, sd, level, optname, (UWord)optval, (UWord)optlen, VKI_SOV_DEFAULT /*version*/); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # else # error "Unknown platform" # endif } Int VG_(setsockopt) ( Int sd, Int level, Int optname, void *optval, Int optlen) { # if defined(VGP_x86_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc32_linux) \ || defined(VGP_ppc64be_linux) || defined(VGP_ppc64le_linux) \ || defined(VGP_s390x_linux) SysRes res; UWord args[5]; args[0] = sd; args[1] = level; args[2] = optname; args[3] = (UWord)optval; args[4] = (UWord)optlen; res = VG_(do_syscall2)(__NR_socketcall, VKI_SYS_SETSOCKOPT, (UWord)&args); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGP_amd64_linux) || defined(VGP_arm_linux) \ || defined(VGP_mips32_linux) || defined(VGP_mips64_linux) \ || defined(VGP_arm64_linux) || defined(VGP_tilegx_linux) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall5)( __NR_setsockopt, (UWord)sd, (UWord)level, (UWord)optname, (UWord)optval, (UWord)optlen ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_darwin) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall5)( __NR_setsockopt, (UWord)sd, (UWord)level, (UWord)optname, (UWord)optval, (UWord)optlen ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # elif defined(VGO_solaris) SysRes res; res = VG_(do_syscall6)( __NR_setsockopt, (UWord)sd, (UWord)level, (UWord)optname, (UWord)optval, (UWord)optlen, VKI_SOV_DEFAULT /*version*/ ); return sr_isError(res) ? -1 : sr_Res(res); # else # error "Unknown platform" # endif } const HChar *VG_(basename)(const HChar *path) { static HChar *buf = NULL; static SizeT buf_len = 0; const HChar *p, *end; if (path == NULL || 0 == VG_(strcmp)(path, "")) { return "."; } p = path + VG_(strlen)(path); while (p > path && *p == '/') { // skip all trailing '/' p--; } if (p == path && *p == '/') return "/"; // all slashes end = p; while (p > path && *p != '/') { // now skip non '/' p--; } if (*p == '/') p++; SizeT need = end-p+1 + 1; if (need > buf_len) { buf_len = (buf_len == 0) ? 500 : need; buf = VG_(realloc)("basename", buf, buf_len); } VG_(strncpy)(buf, p, end-p+1); buf[end-p+1] = '\0'; return buf; } const HChar *VG_(dirname)(const HChar *path) { static HChar *buf = NULL; static SizeT buf_len = 0; const HChar *p; if (path == NULL || 0 == VG_(strcmp)(path, "") || 0 == VG_(strcmp)(path, "/")) { return "."; } p = path + VG_(strlen)(path); while (p > path && *p == '/') { // skip all trailing '/' p--; } while (p > path && *p != '/') { // now skip non '/' p--; } if (p == path) { if (*p == '/') return "/"; // all slashes else return "."; // no slashes } while (p > path && *p == '/') { // skip '/' again p--; } SizeT need = p-path+1 + 1; if (need > buf_len) { buf_len = (buf_len == 0) ? 500 : need; buf = VG_(realloc)("dirname", buf, buf_len); } VG_(strncpy)(buf, path, p-path+1); buf[p-path+1] = '\0'; return buf; } /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/ /*--- end ---*/ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/