// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include "base/logging.h"
#if defined(OS_WIN)
#include <io.h>
#include <windows.h>
typedef HANDLE FileHandle;
typedef HANDLE MutexHandle;
// Windows warns on using write(). It prefers _write().
#define write(fd, buf, count) _write(fd, buf, static_cast<unsigned int>(count))
// Windows doesn't define STDERR_FILENO. Define it here.
#define STDERR_FILENO 2
#elif defined(OS_MACOSX)
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <mach/mach_time.h>
#include <mach-o/dyld.h>
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
#if defined(OS_NACL)
#include <sys/time.h> // timespec doesn't seem to be in <time.h>
#else
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#endif
#include <time.h>
#endif
#if defined(OS_POSIX)
#include <errno.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define MAX_PATH PATH_MAX
typedef FILE* FileHandle;
typedef pthread_mutex_t* MutexHandle;
#endif
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ostream>
#include <string>
#include "base/base_switches.h"
#include "base/command_line.h"
#include "base/debug/alias.h"
#include "base/debug/debugger.h"
#include "base/debug/stack_trace.h"
#include "base/posix/eintr_wrapper.h"
#include "base/strings/string_piece.h"
#include "base/strings/string_util.h"
#include "base/strings/stringprintf.h"
#include "base/strings/utf_string_conversions.h"
#include "base/synchronization/lock_impl.h"
#include "base/threading/platform_thread.h"
#include "base/vlog.h"
#if defined(OS_POSIX)
#include "base/safe_strerror_posix.h"
#endif
#if defined(OS_ANDROID)
#include <android/log.h>
#endif
namespace logging {
namespace {
VlogInfo* g_vlog_info = NULL;
VlogInfo* g_vlog_info_prev = NULL;
const char* const log_severity_names[LOG_NUM_SEVERITIES] = {
"INFO", "WARNING", "ERROR", "FATAL" };
const char* log_severity_name(int severity)
{
if (severity >= 0 && severity < LOG_NUM_SEVERITIES)
return log_severity_names[severity];
return "UNKNOWN";
}
int min_log_level = 0;
LoggingDestination logging_destination = LOG_DEFAULT;
// For LOG_ERROR and above, always print to stderr.
const int kAlwaysPrintErrorLevel = LOG_ERROR;
// Which log file to use? This is initialized by InitLogging or
// will be lazily initialized to the default value when it is
// first needed.
#if defined(OS_WIN)
typedef std::wstring PathString;
#else
typedef std::string PathString;
#endif
PathString* log_file_name = NULL;
// this file is lazily opened and the handle may be NULL
FileHandle log_file = NULL;
// what should be prepended to each message?
bool log_process_id = false;
bool log_thread_id = false;
bool log_timestamp = true;
bool log_tickcount = false;
// Should we pop up fatal debug messages in a dialog?
bool show_error_dialogs = false;
// An assert handler override specified by the client to be called instead of
// the debug message dialog and process termination.
LogAssertHandlerFunction log_assert_handler = NULL;
// A log message handler that gets notified of every log message we process.
LogMessageHandlerFunction log_message_handler = NULL;
// Helper functions to wrap platform differences.
int32 CurrentProcessId() {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
return GetCurrentProcessId();
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
return getpid();
#endif
}
uint64 TickCount() {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
return GetTickCount();
#elif defined(OS_MACOSX)
return mach_absolute_time();
#elif defined(OS_NACL)
// NaCl sadly does not have _POSIX_TIMERS enabled in sys/features.h
// So we have to use clock() for now.
return clock();
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
struct timespec ts;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
uint64 absolute_micro =
static_cast<int64>(ts.tv_sec) * 1000000 +
static_cast<int64>(ts.tv_nsec) / 1000;
return absolute_micro;
#endif
}
void DeleteFilePath(const PathString& log_name) {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
DeleteFile(log_name.c_str());
#elif defined (OS_NACL)
// Do nothing; unlink() isn't supported on NaCl.
#else
unlink(log_name.c_str());
#endif
}
PathString GetDefaultLogFile() {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
// On Windows we use the same path as the exe.
wchar_t module_name[MAX_PATH];
GetModuleFileName(NULL, module_name, MAX_PATH);
PathString log_file = module_name;
PathString::size_type last_backslash =
log_file.rfind('\\', log_file.size());
if (last_backslash != PathString::npos)
log_file.erase(last_backslash + 1);
log_file += L"debug.log";
return log_file;
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
// On other platforms we just use the current directory.
return PathString("debug.log");
#endif
}
// This class acts as a wrapper for locking the logging files.
// LoggingLock::Init() should be called from the main thread before any logging
// is done. Then whenever logging, be sure to have a local LoggingLock
// instance on the stack. This will ensure that the lock is unlocked upon
// exiting the frame.
// LoggingLocks can not be nested.
class LoggingLock {
public:
LoggingLock() {
LockLogging();
}
~LoggingLock() {
UnlockLogging();
}
static void Init(LogLockingState lock_log, const PathChar* new_log_file) {
if (initialized)
return;
lock_log_file = lock_log;
if (lock_log_file == LOCK_LOG_FILE) {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
if (!log_mutex) {
std::wstring safe_name;
if (new_log_file)
safe_name = new_log_file;
else
safe_name = GetDefaultLogFile();
// \ is not a legal character in mutex names so we replace \ with /
std::replace(safe_name.begin(), safe_name.end(), '\\', '/');
std::wstring t(L"Global\\");
t.append(safe_name);
log_mutex = ::CreateMutex(NULL, FALSE, t.c_str());
if (log_mutex == NULL) {
#if DEBUG
// Keep the error code for debugging
int error = GetLastError(); // NOLINT
base::debug::BreakDebugger();
#endif
// Return nicely without putting initialized to true.
return;
}
}
#endif
} else {
log_lock = new base::internal::LockImpl();
}
initialized = true;
}
private:
static void LockLogging() {
if (lock_log_file == LOCK_LOG_FILE) {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
::WaitForSingleObject(log_mutex, INFINITE);
// WaitForSingleObject could have returned WAIT_ABANDONED. We don't
// abort the process here. UI tests might be crashy sometimes,
// and aborting the test binary only makes the problem worse.
// We also don't use LOG macros because that might lead to an infinite
// loop. For more info see http://crbug.com/18028.
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
pthread_mutex_lock(&log_mutex);
#endif
} else {
// use the lock
log_lock->Lock();
}
}
static void UnlockLogging() {
if (lock_log_file == LOCK_LOG_FILE) {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
ReleaseMutex(log_mutex);
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
pthread_mutex_unlock(&log_mutex);
#endif
} else {
log_lock->Unlock();
}
}
// The lock is used if log file locking is false. It helps us avoid problems
// with multiple threads writing to the log file at the same time. Use
// LockImpl directly instead of using Lock, because Lock makes logging calls.
static base::internal::LockImpl* log_lock;
// When we don't use a lock, we are using a global mutex. We need to do this
// because LockFileEx is not thread safe.
#if defined(OS_WIN)
static MutexHandle log_mutex;
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
static pthread_mutex_t log_mutex;
#endif
static bool initialized;
static LogLockingState lock_log_file;
};
// static
bool LoggingLock::initialized = false;
// static
base::internal::LockImpl* LoggingLock::log_lock = NULL;
// static
LogLockingState LoggingLock::lock_log_file = LOCK_LOG_FILE;
#if defined(OS_WIN)
// static
MutexHandle LoggingLock::log_mutex = NULL;
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
pthread_mutex_t LoggingLock::log_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
#endif
// Called by logging functions to ensure that debug_file is initialized
// and can be used for writing. Returns false if the file could not be
// initialized. debug_file will be NULL in this case.
bool InitializeLogFileHandle() {
if (log_file)
return true;
if (!log_file_name) {
// Nobody has called InitLogging to specify a debug log file, so here we
// initialize the log file name to a default.
log_file_name = new PathString(GetDefaultLogFile());
}
if ((logging_destination & LOG_TO_FILE) != 0) {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
log_file = CreateFile(log_file_name->c_str(), GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL,
OPEN_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
if (log_file == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || log_file == NULL) {
// try the current directory
log_file = CreateFile(L".\\debug.log", GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL,
OPEN_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
if (log_file == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || log_file == NULL) {
log_file = NULL;
return false;
}
}
SetFilePointer(log_file, 0, 0, FILE_END);
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
log_file = fopen(log_file_name->c_str(), "a");
if (log_file == NULL)
return false;
#endif
}
return true;
}
void CloseFile(FileHandle log) {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
CloseHandle(log);
#else
fclose(log);
#endif
}
void CloseLogFileUnlocked() {
if (!log_file)
return;
CloseFile(log_file);
log_file = NULL;
}
} // namespace
LoggingSettings::LoggingSettings()
: logging_dest(LOG_DEFAULT),
log_file(NULL),
lock_log(LOCK_LOG_FILE),
delete_old(APPEND_TO_OLD_LOG_FILE) {}
bool BaseInitLoggingImpl(const LoggingSettings& settings) {
#if defined(OS_NACL)
// Can log only to the system debug log.
CHECK_EQ(settings.logging_dest & ~LOG_TO_SYSTEM_DEBUG_LOG, 0);
#endif
CommandLine* command_line = CommandLine::ForCurrentProcess();
// Don't bother initializing g_vlog_info unless we use one of the
// vlog switches.
if (command_line->HasSwitch(switches::kV) ||
command_line->HasSwitch(switches::kVModule)) {
// NOTE: If g_vlog_info has already been initialized, it might be in use
// by another thread. Don't delete the old VLogInfo, just create a second
// one. We keep track of both to avoid memory leak warnings.
CHECK(!g_vlog_info_prev);
g_vlog_info_prev = g_vlog_info;
g_vlog_info =
new VlogInfo(command_line->GetSwitchValueASCII(switches::kV),
command_line->GetSwitchValueASCII(switches::kVModule),
&min_log_level);
}
logging_destination = settings.logging_dest;
// ignore file options unless logging to file is set.
if ((logging_destination & LOG_TO_FILE) == 0)
return true;
LoggingLock::Init(settings.lock_log, settings.log_file);
LoggingLock logging_lock;
// Calling InitLogging twice or after some log call has already opened the
// default log file will re-initialize to the new options.
CloseLogFileUnlocked();
if (!log_file_name)
log_file_name = new PathString();
*log_file_name = settings.log_file;
if (settings.delete_old == DELETE_OLD_LOG_FILE)
DeleteFilePath(*log_file_name);
return InitializeLogFileHandle();
}
void SetMinLogLevel(int level) {
min_log_level = std::min(LOG_FATAL, level);
}
int GetMinLogLevel() {
return min_log_level;
}
int GetVlogVerbosity() {
return std::max(-1, LOG_INFO - GetMinLogLevel());
}
int GetVlogLevelHelper(const char* file, size_t N) {
DCHECK_GT(N, 0U);
// Note: g_vlog_info may change on a different thread during startup
// (but will always be valid or NULL).
VlogInfo* vlog_info = g_vlog_info;
return vlog_info ?
vlog_info->GetVlogLevel(base::StringPiece(file, N - 1)) :
GetVlogVerbosity();
}
void SetLogItems(bool enable_process_id, bool enable_thread_id,
bool enable_timestamp, bool enable_tickcount) {
log_process_id = enable_process_id;
log_thread_id = enable_thread_id;
log_timestamp = enable_timestamp;
log_tickcount = enable_tickcount;
}
void SetShowErrorDialogs(bool enable_dialogs) {
show_error_dialogs = enable_dialogs;
}
void SetLogAssertHandler(LogAssertHandlerFunction handler) {
log_assert_handler = handler;
}
void SetLogMessageHandler(LogMessageHandlerFunction handler) {
log_message_handler = handler;
}
LogMessageHandlerFunction GetLogMessageHandler() {
return log_message_handler;
}
// MSVC doesn't like complex extern templates and DLLs.
#if !defined(COMPILER_MSVC)
// Explicit instantiations for commonly used comparisons.
template std::string* MakeCheckOpString<int, int>(
const int&, const int&, const char* names);
template std::string* MakeCheckOpString<unsigned long, unsigned long>(
const unsigned long&, const unsigned long&, const char* names);
template std::string* MakeCheckOpString<unsigned long, unsigned int>(
const unsigned long&, const unsigned int&, const char* names);
template std::string* MakeCheckOpString<unsigned int, unsigned long>(
const unsigned int&, const unsigned long&, const char* names);
template std::string* MakeCheckOpString<std::string, std::string>(
const std::string&, const std::string&, const char* name);
#endif
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
// Displays a message box to the user with the error message in it.
// Used for fatal messages, where we close the app simultaneously.
// This is for developers only; we don't use this in circumstances
// (like release builds) where users could see it, since users don't
// understand these messages anyway.
void DisplayDebugMessageInDialog(const std::string& str) {
if (str.empty())
return;
if (!show_error_dialogs)
return;
#if defined(OS_WIN)
// For Windows programs, it's possible that the message loop is
// messed up on a fatal error, and creating a MessageBox will cause
// that message loop to be run. Instead, we try to spawn another
// process that displays its command line. We look for "Debug
// Message.exe" in the same directory as the application. If it
// exists, we use it, otherwise, we use a regular message box.
wchar_t prog_name[MAX_PATH];
GetModuleFileNameW(NULL, prog_name, MAX_PATH);
wchar_t* backslash = wcsrchr(prog_name, '\\');
if (backslash)
backslash[1] = 0;
wcscat_s(prog_name, MAX_PATH, L"debug_message.exe");
std::wstring cmdline = base::UTF8ToWide(str);
if (cmdline.empty())
return;
STARTUPINFO startup_info;
memset(&startup_info, 0, sizeof(startup_info));
startup_info.cb = sizeof(startup_info);
PROCESS_INFORMATION process_info;
if (CreateProcessW(prog_name, &cmdline[0], NULL, NULL, false, 0, NULL,
NULL, &startup_info, &process_info)) {
WaitForSingleObject(process_info.hProcess, INFINITE);
CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
CloseHandle(process_info.hProcess);
} else {
// debug process broken, let's just do a message box
MessageBoxW(NULL, &cmdline[0], L"Fatal error",
MB_OK | MB_ICONHAND | MB_TOPMOST);
}
#else
// We intentionally don't implement a dialog on other platforms.
// You can just look at stderr.
#endif
}
#endif // !defined(NDEBUG)
#if defined(OS_WIN)
LogMessage::SaveLastError::SaveLastError() : last_error_(::GetLastError()) {
}
LogMessage::SaveLastError::~SaveLastError() {
::SetLastError(last_error_);
}
#endif // defined(OS_WIN)
LogMessage::LogMessage(const char* file, int line, LogSeverity severity)
: severity_(severity), file_(file), line_(line) {
Init(file, line);
}
LogMessage::LogMessage(const char* file, int line, std::string* result)
: severity_(LOG_FATAL), file_(file), line_(line) {
Init(file, line);
stream_ << "Check failed: " << *result;
delete result;
}
LogMessage::LogMessage(const char* file, int line, LogSeverity severity,
std::string* result)
: severity_(severity), file_(file), line_(line) {
Init(file, line);
stream_ << "Check failed: " << *result;
delete result;
}
LogMessage::~LogMessage() {
#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(OS_NACL) && !defined(__UCLIBC__)
if (severity_ == LOG_FATAL) {
// Include a stack trace on a fatal.
base::debug::StackTrace trace;
stream_ << std::endl; // Newline to separate from log message.
trace.OutputToStream(&stream_);
}
#endif
stream_ << std::endl;
std::string str_newline(stream_.str());
// Give any log message handler first dibs on the message.
if (log_message_handler &&
log_message_handler(severity_, file_, line_,
message_start_, str_newline)) {
// The handler took care of it, no further processing.
return;
}
if ((logging_destination & LOG_TO_SYSTEM_DEBUG_LOG) != 0) {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
OutputDebugStringA(str_newline.c_str());
#elif defined(OS_ANDROID)
android_LogPriority priority =
(severity_ < 0) ? ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE : ANDROID_LOG_UNKNOWN;
switch (severity_) {
case LOG_INFO:
priority = ANDROID_LOG_INFO;
break;
case LOG_WARNING:
priority = ANDROID_LOG_WARN;
break;
case LOG_ERROR:
priority = ANDROID_LOG_ERROR;
break;
case LOG_FATAL:
priority = ANDROID_LOG_FATAL;
break;
}
__android_log_write(priority, "chromium", str_newline.c_str());
#endif
ignore_result(fwrite(str_newline.data(), str_newline.size(), 1, stderr));
fflush(stderr);
} else if (severity_ >= kAlwaysPrintErrorLevel) {
// When we're only outputting to a log file, above a certain log level, we
// should still output to stderr so that we can better detect and diagnose
// problems with unit tests, especially on the buildbots.
ignore_result(fwrite(str_newline.data(), str_newline.size(), 1, stderr));
fflush(stderr);
}
// write to log file
if ((logging_destination & LOG_TO_FILE) != 0) {
// We can have multiple threads and/or processes, so try to prevent them
// from clobbering each other's writes.
// If the client app did not call InitLogging, and the lock has not
// been created do it now. We do this on demand, but if two threads try
// to do this at the same time, there will be a race condition to create
// the lock. This is why InitLogging should be called from the main
// thread at the beginning of execution.
LoggingLock::Init(LOCK_LOG_FILE, NULL);
LoggingLock logging_lock;
if (InitializeLogFileHandle()) {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
SetFilePointer(log_file, 0, 0, SEEK_END);
DWORD num_written;
WriteFile(log_file,
static_cast<const void*>(str_newline.c_str()),
static_cast<DWORD>(str_newline.length()),
&num_written,
NULL);
#else
ignore_result(fwrite(
str_newline.data(), str_newline.size(), 1, log_file));
fflush(log_file);
#endif
}
}
if (severity_ == LOG_FATAL) {
// Ensure the first characters of the string are on the stack so they
// are contained in minidumps for diagnostic purposes.
char str_stack[1024];
str_newline.copy(str_stack, arraysize(str_stack));
base::debug::Alias(str_stack);
if (log_assert_handler) {
// Make a copy of the string for the handler out of paranoia.
log_assert_handler(std::string(stream_.str()));
} else {
// Don't use the string with the newline, get a fresh version to send to
// the debug message process. We also don't display assertions to the
// user in release mode. The enduser can't do anything with this
// information, and displaying message boxes when the application is
// hosed can cause additional problems.
#ifndef NDEBUG
DisplayDebugMessageInDialog(stream_.str());
#endif
// Crash the process to generate a dump.
base::debug::BreakDebugger();
}
}
}
// writes the common header info to the stream
void LogMessage::Init(const char* file, int line) {
base::StringPiece filename(file);
size_t last_slash_pos = filename.find_last_of("\\/");
if (last_slash_pos != base::StringPiece::npos)
filename.remove_prefix(last_slash_pos + 1);
// TODO(darin): It might be nice if the columns were fixed width.
stream_ << '[';
if (log_process_id)
stream_ << CurrentProcessId() << ':';
if (log_thread_id)
stream_ << base::PlatformThread::CurrentId() << ':';
if (log_timestamp) {
time_t t = time(NULL);
struct tm local_time = {0};
#if _MSC_VER >= 1400
localtime_s(&local_time, &t);
#else
localtime_r(&t, &local_time);
#endif
struct tm* tm_time = &local_time;
stream_ << std::setfill('0')
<< std::setw(2) << 1 + tm_time->tm_mon
<< std::setw(2) << tm_time->tm_mday
<< '/'
<< std::setw(2) << tm_time->tm_hour
<< std::setw(2) << tm_time->tm_min
<< std::setw(2) << tm_time->tm_sec
<< ':';
}
if (log_tickcount)
stream_ << TickCount() << ':';
if (severity_ >= 0)
stream_ << log_severity_name(severity_);
else
stream_ << "VERBOSE" << -severity_;
stream_ << ":" << filename << "(" << line << ")] ";
message_start_ = stream_.tellp();
}
#if defined(OS_WIN)
// This has already been defined in the header, but defining it again as DWORD
// ensures that the type used in the header is equivalent to DWORD. If not,
// the redefinition is a compile error.
typedef DWORD SystemErrorCode;
#endif
SystemErrorCode GetLastSystemErrorCode() {
#if defined(OS_WIN)
return ::GetLastError();
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
return errno;
#else
#error Not implemented
#endif
}
#if defined(OS_WIN)
BASE_EXPORT std::string SystemErrorCodeToString(SystemErrorCode error_code) {
const int error_message_buffer_size = 256;
char msgbuf[error_message_buffer_size];
DWORD flags = FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS;
DWORD len = FormatMessageA(flags, NULL, error_code, 0, msgbuf,
arraysize(msgbuf), NULL);
if (len) {
// Messages returned by system end with line breaks.
return base::CollapseWhitespaceASCII(msgbuf, true) +
base::StringPrintf(" (0x%X)", error_code);
}
return base::StringPrintf("Error (0x%X) while retrieving error. (0x%X)",
GetLastError(), error_code);
}
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
BASE_EXPORT std::string SystemErrorCodeToString(SystemErrorCode error_code) {
return safe_strerror(error_code);
}
#else
#error Not implemented
#endif
#if defined(OS_WIN)
Win32ErrorLogMessage::Win32ErrorLogMessage(const char* file,
int line,
LogSeverity severity,
SystemErrorCode err)
: err_(err),
log_message_(file, line, severity) {
}
Win32ErrorLogMessage::~Win32ErrorLogMessage() {
stream() << ": " << SystemErrorCodeToString(err_);
// We're about to crash (CHECK). Put |err_| on the stack (by placing it in a
// field) and use Alias in hopes that it makes it into crash dumps.
DWORD last_error = err_;
base::debug::Alias(&last_error);
}
#elif defined(OS_POSIX)
ErrnoLogMessage::ErrnoLogMessage(const char* file,
int line,
LogSeverity severity,
SystemErrorCode err)
: err_(err),
log_message_(file, line, severity) {
}
ErrnoLogMessage::~ErrnoLogMessage() {
stream() << ": " << SystemErrorCodeToString(err_);
}
#endif // OS_WIN
void CloseLogFile() {
LoggingLock logging_lock;
CloseLogFileUnlocked();
}
void RawLog(int level, const char* message) {
if (level >= min_log_level) {
size_t bytes_written = 0;
const size_t message_len = strlen(message);
int rv;
while (bytes_written < message_len) {
rv = HANDLE_EINTR(
write(STDERR_FILENO, message + bytes_written,
message_len - bytes_written));
if (rv < 0) {
// Give up, nothing we can do now.
break;
}
bytes_written += rv;
}
if (message_len > 0 && message[message_len - 1] != '\n') {
do {
rv = HANDLE_EINTR(write(STDERR_FILENO, "\n", 1));
if (rv < 0) {
// Give up, nothing we can do now.
break;
}
} while (rv != 1);
}
}
if (level == LOG_FATAL)
base::debug::BreakDebugger();
}
// This was defined at the beginning of this file.
#undef write
#if defined(OS_WIN)
std::wstring GetLogFileFullPath() {
if (log_file_name)
return *log_file_name;
return std::wstring();
}
#endif
} // namespace logging
std::ostream& std::operator<<(std::ostream& out, const wchar_t* wstr) {
return out << base::WideToUTF8(std::wstring(wstr));
}