// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library // for linear algebra. // // Copyright (C) 2012 Gael Guennebaud <gael.guennebaud@inria.fr> // Copyright (C) 2010,2012 Jitse Niesen <jitse@maths.leeds.ac.uk> // // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla // Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed // with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. #ifndef EIGEN_GENERALIZEDEIGENSOLVER_H #define EIGEN_GENERALIZEDEIGENSOLVER_H #include "./RealQZ.h" namespace Eigen { /** \eigenvalues_module \ingroup Eigenvalues_Module * * * \class GeneralizedEigenSolver * * \brief Computes the generalized eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a pair of general matrices * * \tparam _MatrixType the type of the matrices of which we are computing the * eigen-decomposition; this is expected to be an instantiation of the Matrix * class template. Currently, only real matrices are supported. * * The generalized eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix pair \f$ A \f$ and \f$ B \f$ are scalars * \f$ \lambda \f$ and vectors \f$ v \f$ such that \f$ Av = \lambda Bv \f$. If * \f$ D \f$ is a diagonal matrix with the eigenvalues on the diagonal, and * \f$ V \f$ is a matrix with the eigenvectors as its columns, then \f$ A V = * B V D \f$. The matrix \f$ V \f$ is almost always invertible, in which case we * have \f$ A = B V D V^{-1} \f$. This is called the generalized eigen-decomposition. * * The generalized eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix pair may be complex, even when the * matrices are real. Moreover, the generalized eigenvalue might be infinite if the matrix B is * singular. To workaround this difficulty, the eigenvalues are provided as a pair of complex \f$ \alpha \f$ * and real \f$ \beta \f$ such that: \f$ \lambda_i = \alpha_i / \beta_i \f$. If \f$ \beta_i \f$ is (nearly) zero, * then one can consider the well defined left eigenvalue \f$ \mu = \beta_i / \alpha_i\f$ such that: * \f$ \mu_i A v_i = B v_i \f$, or even \f$ \mu_i u_i^T A = u_i^T B \f$ where \f$ u_i \f$ is * called the left eigenvector. * * Call the function compute() to compute the generalized eigenvalues and eigenvectors of * a given matrix pair. Alternatively, you can use the * GeneralizedEigenSolver(const MatrixType&, const MatrixType&, bool) constructor which computes the * eigenvalues and eigenvectors at construction time. Once the eigenvalue and * eigenvectors are computed, they can be retrieved with the eigenvalues() and * eigenvectors() functions. * * Here is an usage example of this class: * Example: \include GeneralizedEigenSolver.cpp * Output: \verbinclude GeneralizedEigenSolver.out * * \sa MatrixBase::eigenvalues(), class ComplexEigenSolver, class SelfAdjointEigenSolver */ template<typename _MatrixType> class GeneralizedEigenSolver { public: /** \brief Synonym for the template parameter \p _MatrixType. */ typedef _MatrixType MatrixType; enum { RowsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::RowsAtCompileTime, ColsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::ColsAtCompileTime, Options = MatrixType::Options, MaxRowsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::MaxRowsAtCompileTime, MaxColsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::MaxColsAtCompileTime }; /** \brief Scalar type for matrices of type #MatrixType. */ typedef typename MatrixType::Scalar Scalar; typedef typename NumTraits<Scalar>::Real RealScalar; typedef typename MatrixType::Index Index; /** \brief Complex scalar type for #MatrixType. * * This is \c std::complex<Scalar> if #Scalar is real (e.g., * \c float or \c double) and just \c Scalar if #Scalar is * complex. */ typedef std::complex<RealScalar> ComplexScalar; /** \brief Type for vector of real scalar values eigenvalues as returned by betas(). * * This is a column vector with entries of type #Scalar. * The length of the vector is the size of #MatrixType. */ typedef Matrix<Scalar, ColsAtCompileTime, 1, Options & ~RowMajor, MaxColsAtCompileTime, 1> VectorType; /** \brief Type for vector of complex scalar values eigenvalues as returned by betas(). * * This is a column vector with entries of type #ComplexScalar. * The length of the vector is the size of #MatrixType. */ typedef Matrix<ComplexScalar, ColsAtCompileTime, 1, Options & ~RowMajor, MaxColsAtCompileTime, 1> ComplexVectorType; /** \brief Expression type for the eigenvalues as returned by eigenvalues(). */ typedef CwiseBinaryOp<internal::scalar_quotient_op<ComplexScalar,Scalar>,ComplexVectorType,VectorType> EigenvalueType; /** \brief Type for matrix of eigenvectors as returned by eigenvectors(). * * This is a square matrix with entries of type #ComplexScalar. * The size is the same as the size of #MatrixType. */ typedef Matrix<ComplexScalar, RowsAtCompileTime, ColsAtCompileTime, Options, MaxRowsAtCompileTime, MaxColsAtCompileTime> EigenvectorsType; /** \brief Default constructor. * * The default constructor is useful in cases in which the user intends to * perform decompositions via EigenSolver::compute(const MatrixType&, bool). * * \sa compute() for an example. */ GeneralizedEigenSolver() : m_eivec(), m_alphas(), m_betas(), m_isInitialized(false), m_realQZ(), m_matS(), m_tmp() {} /** \brief Default constructor with memory preallocation * * Like the default constructor but with preallocation of the internal data * according to the specified problem \a size. * \sa GeneralizedEigenSolver() */ GeneralizedEigenSolver(Index size) : m_eivec(size, size), m_alphas(size), m_betas(size), m_isInitialized(false), m_eigenvectorsOk(false), m_realQZ(size), m_matS(size, size), m_tmp(size) {} /** \brief Constructor; computes the generalized eigendecomposition of given matrix pair. * * \param[in] A Square matrix whose eigendecomposition is to be computed. * \param[in] B Square matrix whose eigendecomposition is to be computed. * \param[in] computeEigenvectors If true, both the eigenvectors and the * eigenvalues are computed; if false, only the eigenvalues are computed. * * This constructor calls compute() to compute the generalized eigenvalues * and eigenvectors. * * \sa compute() */ GeneralizedEigenSolver(const MatrixType& A, const MatrixType& B, bool computeEigenvectors = true) : m_eivec(A.rows(), A.cols()), m_alphas(A.cols()), m_betas(A.cols()), m_isInitialized(false), m_eigenvectorsOk(false), m_realQZ(A.cols()), m_matS(A.rows(), A.cols()), m_tmp(A.cols()) { compute(A, B, computeEigenvectors); } /* \brief Returns the computed generalized eigenvectors. * * \returns %Matrix whose columns are the (possibly complex) eigenvectors. * * \pre Either the constructor * GeneralizedEigenSolver(const MatrixType&,const MatrixType&, bool) or the member function * compute(const MatrixType&, const MatrixType& bool) has been called before, and * \p computeEigenvectors was set to true (the default). * * Column \f$ k \f$ of the returned matrix is an eigenvector corresponding * to eigenvalue number \f$ k \f$ as returned by eigenvalues(). The * eigenvectors are normalized to have (Euclidean) norm equal to one. The * matrix returned by this function is the matrix \f$ V \f$ in the * generalized eigendecomposition \f$ A = B V D V^{-1} \f$, if it exists. * * \sa eigenvalues() */ // EigenvectorsType eigenvectors() const; /** \brief Returns an expression of the computed generalized eigenvalues. * * \returns An expression of the column vector containing the eigenvalues. * * It is a shortcut for \code this->alphas().cwiseQuotient(this->betas()); \endcode * Not that betas might contain zeros. It is therefore not recommended to use this function, * but rather directly deal with the alphas and betas vectors. * * \pre Either the constructor * GeneralizedEigenSolver(const MatrixType&,const MatrixType&,bool) or the member function * compute(const MatrixType&,const MatrixType&,bool) has been called before. * * The eigenvalues are repeated according to their algebraic multiplicity, * so there are as many eigenvalues as rows in the matrix. The eigenvalues * are not sorted in any particular order. * * \sa alphas(), betas(), eigenvectors() */ EigenvalueType eigenvalues() const { eigen_assert(m_isInitialized && "GeneralizedEigenSolver is not initialized."); return EigenvalueType(m_alphas,m_betas); } /** \returns A const reference to the vectors containing the alpha values * * This vector permits to reconstruct the j-th eigenvalues as alphas(i)/betas(j). * * \sa betas(), eigenvalues() */ ComplexVectorType alphas() const { eigen_assert(m_isInitialized && "GeneralizedEigenSolver is not initialized."); return m_alphas; } /** \returns A const reference to the vectors containing the beta values * * This vector permits to reconstruct the j-th eigenvalues as alphas(i)/betas(j). * * \sa alphas(), eigenvalues() */ VectorType betas() const { eigen_assert(m_isInitialized && "GeneralizedEigenSolver is not initialized."); return m_betas; } /** \brief Computes generalized eigendecomposition of given matrix. * * \param[in] A Square matrix whose eigendecomposition is to be computed. * \param[in] B Square matrix whose eigendecomposition is to be computed. * \param[in] computeEigenvectors If true, both the eigenvectors and the * eigenvalues are computed; if false, only the eigenvalues are * computed. * \returns Reference to \c *this * * This function computes the eigenvalues of the real matrix \p matrix. * The eigenvalues() function can be used to retrieve them. If * \p computeEigenvectors is true, then the eigenvectors are also computed * and can be retrieved by calling eigenvectors(). * * The matrix is first reduced to real generalized Schur form using the RealQZ * class. The generalized Schur decomposition is then used to compute the eigenvalues * and eigenvectors. * * The cost of the computation is dominated by the cost of the * generalized Schur decomposition. * * This method reuses of the allocated data in the GeneralizedEigenSolver object. */ GeneralizedEigenSolver& compute(const MatrixType& A, const MatrixType& B, bool computeEigenvectors = true); ComputationInfo info() const { eigen_assert(m_isInitialized && "EigenSolver is not initialized."); return m_realQZ.info(); } /** Sets the maximal number of iterations allowed. */ GeneralizedEigenSolver& setMaxIterations(Index maxIters) { m_realQZ.setMaxIterations(maxIters); return *this; } protected: MatrixType m_eivec; ComplexVectorType m_alphas; VectorType m_betas; bool m_isInitialized; bool m_eigenvectorsOk; RealQZ<MatrixType> m_realQZ; MatrixType m_matS; typedef Matrix<Scalar, ColsAtCompileTime, 1, Options & ~RowMajor, MaxColsAtCompileTime, 1> ColumnVectorType; ColumnVectorType m_tmp; }; //template<typename MatrixType> //typename GeneralizedEigenSolver<MatrixType>::EigenvectorsType GeneralizedEigenSolver<MatrixType>::eigenvectors() const //{ // eigen_assert(m_isInitialized && "EigenSolver is not initialized."); // eigen_assert(m_eigenvectorsOk && "The eigenvectors have not been computed together with the eigenvalues."); // Index n = m_eivec.cols(); // EigenvectorsType matV(n,n); // // TODO // return matV; //} template<typename MatrixType> GeneralizedEigenSolver<MatrixType>& GeneralizedEigenSolver<MatrixType>::compute(const MatrixType& A, const MatrixType& B, bool computeEigenvectors) { using std::sqrt; using std::abs; eigen_assert(A.cols() == A.rows() && B.cols() == A.rows() && B.cols() == B.rows()); // Reduce to generalized real Schur form: // A = Q S Z and B = Q T Z m_realQZ.compute(A, B, computeEigenvectors); if (m_realQZ.info() == Success) { m_matS = m_realQZ.matrixS(); if (computeEigenvectors) m_eivec = m_realQZ.matrixZ().transpose(); // Compute eigenvalues from matS m_alphas.resize(A.cols()); m_betas.resize(A.cols()); Index i = 0; while (i < A.cols()) { if (i == A.cols() - 1 || m_matS.coeff(i+1, i) == Scalar(0)) { m_alphas.coeffRef(i) = m_matS.coeff(i, i); m_betas.coeffRef(i) = m_realQZ.matrixT().coeff(i,i); ++i; } else { Scalar p = Scalar(0.5) * (m_matS.coeff(i, i) - m_matS.coeff(i+1, i+1)); Scalar z = sqrt(abs(p * p + m_matS.coeff(i+1, i) * m_matS.coeff(i, i+1))); m_alphas.coeffRef(i) = ComplexScalar(m_matS.coeff(i+1, i+1) + p, z); m_alphas.coeffRef(i+1) = ComplexScalar(m_matS.coeff(i+1, i+1) + p, -z); m_betas.coeffRef(i) = m_realQZ.matrixT().coeff(i,i); m_betas.coeffRef(i+1) = m_realQZ.matrixT().coeff(i,i); i += 2; } } } m_isInitialized = true; m_eigenvectorsOk = false;//computeEigenvectors; return *this; } } // end namespace Eigen #endif // EIGEN_GENERALIZEDEIGENSOLVER_H