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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "NM 1"
.TH NM 1 " " "binutils-2.21" "GNU Development Tools"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
nm \- list symbols from object files
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
nm [\fB\-a\fR|\fB\-\-debug\-syms\fR]
[\fB\-g\fR|\fB\-\-extern\-only\fR][\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR]
[\fB\-B\fR] [\fB\-C\fR|\fB\-\-demangle\fR[=\fIstyle\fR]] [\fB\-D\fR|\fB\-\-dynamic\fR]
[\fB\-S\fR|\fB\-\-print\-size\fR] [\fB\-s\fR|\fB\-\-print\-armap\fR]
[\fB\-A\fR|\fB\-o\fR|\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR][\fB\-\-special\-syms\fR]
[\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR|\fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR] [\fB\-p\fR|\fB\-\-no\-sort\fR]
[\fB\-r\fR|\fB\-\-reverse\-sort\fR] [\fB\-\-size\-sort\fR] [\fB\-u\fR|\fB\-\-undefined\-only\fR]
[\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR|\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR] [\fB\-P\fR|\fB\-\-portability\fR]
[\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR] [\fB\-f\fR\fIformat\fR|\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIformat\fR]
[\fB\-\-defined\-only\fR] [\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-\-line\-numbers\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR]
[\fB\-V\fR|\fB\-\-version\fR] [\fB\-X 32_64\fR] [\fB\-\-help\fR] [\fIobjfile\fR...]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBnm\fR lists the symbols from object files \fIobjfile\fR....
If no object files are listed as arguments, \fBnm\fR assumes the file
\&\fIa.out\fR.
.PP
For each symbol, \fBnm\fR shows:
.IP "\(bu" 4
The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or
hexadecimal by default.
.IP "\(bu" 4
The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others are, as
well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, the symbol is
local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external).
.RS 4
.ie n .IP """A""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWA\fR" 4
.IX Item "A"
The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by further
linking.
.ie n .IP """B""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWB\fR" 4
.IX Item "B"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """b""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWb\fR" 4
.IX Item "b"
.PD
The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as \s-1BSS\s0).
.ie n .IP """C""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWC\fR" 4
.IX Item "C"
The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. When
linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the same name. If the
symbol is defined anywhere, the common symbols are treated as undefined
references.
.ie n .IP """D""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWD\fR" 4
.IX Item "D"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """d""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWd\fR" 4
.IX Item "d"
.PD
The symbol is in the initialized data section.
.ie n .IP """G""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWG\fR" 4
.IX Item "G"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """g""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWg\fR" 4
.IX Item "g"
.PD
The symbol is in an initialized data section for small objects. Some
object file formats permit more efficient access to small data objects,
such as a global int variable as opposed to a large global array.
.ie n .IP """i""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWi\fR" 4
.IX Item "i"
For \s-1PE\s0 format files this indicates that the symbol is in a section
specific to the implementation of DLLs. For \s-1ELF\s0 format files this
indicates that the symbol is an indirect function. This is a \s-1GNU\s0
extension to the standard set of \s-1ELF\s0 symbol types. It indicates a
symbol which if referenced by a relocation does not evaluate to its
address, but instead must be invoked at runtime. The runtime
execution will then return the value to be used in the relocation.
.ie n .IP """N""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWN\fR" 4
.IX Item "N"
The symbol is a debugging symbol.
.ie n .IP """p""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWp\fR" 4
.IX Item "p"
The symbols is in a stack unwind section.
.ie n .IP """R""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWR\fR" 4
.IX Item "R"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """r""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWr\fR" 4
.IX Item "r"
.PD
The symbol is in a read only data section.
.ie n .IP """S""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWS\fR" 4
.IX Item "S"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """s""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWs\fR" 4
.IX Item "s"
.PD
The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small objects.
.ie n .IP """T""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWT\fR" 4
.IX Item "T"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """t""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWt\fR" 4
.IX Item "t"
.PD
The symbol is in the text (code) section.
.ie n .IP """U""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWU\fR" 4
.IX Item "U"
The symbol is undefined.
.ie n .IP """u""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWu\fR" 4
.IX Item "u"
The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a \s-1GNU\s0 extension to the
standard set of \s-1ELF\s0 symbol bindings. For such a symbol the dynamic linker
will make sure that in the entire process there is just one symbol with
this name and type in use.
.ie n .IP """V""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWV\fR" 4
.IX Item "V"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """v""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWv\fR" 4
.IX Item "v"
.PD
The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is linked with
a normal defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
the value of the weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some
systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified.
.ie n .IP """W""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWW\fR" 4
.IX Item "W"
.PD 0
.ie n .IP """w""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CWw\fR" 4
.IX Item "w"
.PD
The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically tagged as a
weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol is linked with a normal
defined symbol, the normal defined symbol is used with no error.
When a weak undefined symbol is linked and the symbol is not defined,
the value of the symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without
error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default value has been
specified.
.ie n .IP """\-""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW\-\fR" 4
.IX Item "-"
The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In this case, the
next values printed are the stabs other field, the stabs desc field, and
the stab type. Stabs symbols are used to hold debugging information.
.ie n .IP """?""" 4
.el .IP "\f(CW?\fR" 4
.IX Item "?"
The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific.
.RE
.RS 4
.RE
.IP "\(bu" 4
The symbol name.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are
equivalent.
.IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4
.IX Item "-A"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-o\fR" 4
.IX Item "-o"
.IP "\fB\-\-print\-file\-name\fR" 4
.IX Item "--print-file-name"
.PD
Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive member)
in which it was found, rather than identifying the input file once only,
before all of its symbols.
.IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
.IX Item "-a"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-debug\-syms\fR" 4
.IX Item "--debug-syms"
.PD
Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these are not
listed.
.IP "\fB\-B\fR" 4
.IX Item "-B"
The same as \fB\-\-format=bsd\fR (for compatibility with the \s-1MIPS\s0 \fBnm\fR).
.IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
.IX Item "-C"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-demangle[=\fR\fIstyle\fR\fB]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--demangle[=style]"
.PD
Decode (\fIdemangle\fR) low-level symbol names into user-level names.
Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, this
makes \*(C+ function names readable. Different compilers have different
mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to
choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler.
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-demangle"
Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default.
.IP "\fB\-D\fR" 4
.IX Item "-D"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dynamic"
.PD
Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This is
only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared
libraries.
.IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIformat\fR" 4
.IX Item "-f format"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIformat\fR" 4
.IX Item "--format=format"
.PD
Use the output format \fIformat\fR, which can be \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`sysv\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`posix\*(C'\fR. The default is \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR.
Only the first character of \fIformat\fR is significant; it can be
either upper or lower case.
.IP "\fB\-g\fR" 4
.IX Item "-g"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-extern\-only\fR" 4
.IX Item "--extern-only"
.PD
Display only external symbols.
.IP "\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR" 4
.IX Item "--plugin name"
Load the plugin called \fIname\fR to add support for extra target
types. This option is only available if the toolchain has been built
with plugin support enabled.
.IP "\fB\-l\fR" 4
.IX Item "-l"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-line\-numbers\fR" 4
.IX Item "--line-numbers"
.PD
For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a filename and
line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line number of the
address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, look for the line
number of a relocation entry which refers to the symbol. If line number
information can be found, print it after the other symbol information.
.IP "\fB\-n\fR" 4
.IX Item "-n"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v"
.IP "\fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR" 4
.IX Item "--numeric-sort"
.PD
Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than alphabetically
by their names.
.IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4
.IX Item "-p"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-sort\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-sort"
.PD
Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the order
encountered.
.IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
.IX Item "-P"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-portability\fR" 4
.IX Item "--portability"
.PD
Use the \s-1POSIX\s0.2 standard output format instead of the default format.
Equivalent to \fB\-f posix\fR.
.IP "\fB\-S\fR" 4
.IX Item "-S"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-print\-size\fR" 4
.IX Item "--print-size"
.PD
Print both value and size of defined symbols for the \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR output style.
This option has no effect for object formats that do not record symbol
sizes, unless \fB\-\-size\-sort\fR is also used in which case a
calculated size is displayed.
.IP "\fB\-s\fR" 4
.IX Item "-s"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-print\-armap\fR" 4
.IX Item "--print-armap"
.PD
When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a mapping
(stored in the archive by \fBar\fR or \fBranlib\fR) of which modules
contain definitions for which names.
.IP "\fB\-r\fR" 4
.IX Item "-r"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-reverse\-sort\fR" 4
.IX Item "--reverse-sort"
.PD
Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let the
last come first.
.IP "\fB\-\-size\-sort\fR" 4
.IX Item "--size-sort"
Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference between
the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with the next higher
value. If the \f(CW\*(C`bsd\*(C'\fR output format is used the size of the symbol
is printed, rather than the value, and \fB\-S\fR must be used in order
both size and value to be printed.
.IP "\fB\-\-special\-syms\fR" 4
.IX Item "--special-syms"
Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. These
symbols are usually used by the target for some special processing and
are not normally helpful when included included in the normal symbol
lists. For example for \s-1ARM\s0 targets this option would skip the mapping
symbols used to mark transitions between \s-1ARM\s0 code, \s-1THUMB\s0 code and
data.
.IP "\fB\-t\fR \fIradix\fR" 4
.IX Item "-t radix"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-radix=\fR\fIradix\fR" 4
.IX Item "--radix=radix"
.PD
Use \fIradix\fR as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be
\&\fBd\fR for decimal, \fBo\fR for octal, or \fBx\fR for hexadecimal.
.IP "\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR" 4
.IX Item "--target=bfdname"
Specify an object code format other than your system's default format.
.IP "\fB\-u\fR" 4
.IX Item "-u"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-undefined\-only\fR" 4
.IX Item "--undefined-only"
.PD
Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object file).
.IP "\fB\-\-defined\-only\fR" 4
.IX Item "--defined-only"
Display only defined symbols for each object file.
.IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4
.IX Item "-V"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
.IX Item "--version"
.PD
Show the version number of \fBnm\fR and exit.
.IP "\fB\-X\fR" 4
.IX Item "-X"
This option is ignored for compatibility with the \s-1AIX\s0 version of
\&\fBnm\fR. It takes one parameter which must be the string
\&\fB32_64\fR. The default mode of \s-1AIX\s0 \fBnm\fR corresponds
to \fB\-X 32\fR, which is not supported by \s-1GNU\s0 \fBnm\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "--help"
Show a summary of the options to \fBnm\fR and exit.
.IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "@file"
Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are
inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR
does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
literally, and not removed.
.Sp
Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a
backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included
with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional
@\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fIar\fR\|(1), \fIobjdump\fR\|(1), \fIranlib\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.PP
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".