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<chapter id="cl-format" xreflabel="Callgrind Format Specification">
<title>Callgrind Format Specification</title>
<para>This chapter describes the Callgrind Profile Format, Version 1.</para>
<para>A synonymous name is "Calltree Profile Format". These names actually mean
the same since Callgrind was previously named Calltree.</para>
<para>The format description is meant for the user to be able to understand the
file contents; but more important, it is given for authors of measurement or
visualization tools to be able to write and read this format.</para>
<sect1 id="cl-format.overview" xreflabel="Overview">
<title>Overview</title>
<para>The profile data format is ASCII based.
It is written by Callgrind, and it is upwards compatible
to the format used by Cachegrind (ie. Cachegrind uses a subset). It can
be read by callgrind_annotate and KCachegrind.</para>
<para>This chapter gives on overview of format features and examples.
For detailed syntax, look at the format reference.</para>
<sect2 id="cl-format.overview.basics" xreflabel="Basic Structure">
<title>Basic Structure</title>
<para>Each file has a header part of an arbitrary number of lines of the
format "key: value". The lines with key "positions" and "events" define
the meaning of cost lines in the second part of the file: the value of
"positions" is a list of subpositions, and the value of "events" is a list
of event type names. Cost lines consist of subpositions followed by 64-bit
counters for the events, in the order specified by the "positions" and "events"
header line.</para>
<para>The "events" header line is always required in contrast to the optional
line for "positions", which defaults to "line", i.e. a line number of some
source file. In addition, the second part of the file contains position
specifications of the form "spec=name". "spec" can be e.g. "fn" for a
function name or "fl" for a file name. Cost lines are always related to
the function/file specifications given directly before.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cl-format.overview.example1" xreflabel="Simple Example">
<title>Simple Example</title>
<para>The event names in the following example are quite arbitrary, and are not
related to event names used by Callgrind. Especially, cycle counts matching
real processors probably will never be generated by any Valgrind tools, as these
are bound to simulations of simple machine models for acceptable slowdown.
However, any profiling tool could use the format described in this chapter.</para>
<para>
<screen>events: Cycles Instructions Flops
fl=file.f
fn=main
15 90 14 2
16 20 12</screen></para>
<para>The above example gives profile information for event types "Cycles",
"Instructions", and "Flops". Thus, cost lines give the number of CPU cycles
passed by, number of executed instructions, and number of floating point
operations executed while running code corresponding to some source
position. As there is no line specifying the value of "positions", it defaults
to "line", which means that the first number of a cost line is always a line
number.</para>
<para>Thus, the first cost line specifies that in line 15 of source file
<filename>file.f</filename> there is code belonging to function
<function>main</function>. While running, 90 CPU cycles passed by, and 2 of
the 14 instructions executed were floating point operations. Similarly, the
next line specifies that there were 12 instructions executed in the context
of function <function>main</function> which can be related to line 16 in
file <filename>file.f</filename>, taking 20 CPU cycles. If a cost line
specifies less event counts than given in the "events" line, the rest is
assumed to be zero. I.e. there was no floating point instruction executed
relating to line 16.</para>
<para>Note that regular cost lines always give self (also called exclusive)
cost of code at a given position. If you specify multiple cost lines for the
same position, these will be summed up. On the other hand, in the example above
there is no specification of how many times function
<function>main</function> actually was
called: profile data only contains sums.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cl-format.overview.associations" xreflabel="Associations">
<title>Associations</title>
<para>The most important extension to the original format of Cachegrind is the
ability to specify call relationship among functions. More generally, you
specify associations among positions. For this, the second part of the
file also can contain association specifications. These look similar to
position specifications, but consist of 2 lines. For calls, the format
looks like
<screen>
calls=(Call Count) (Destination position)
(Source position) (Inclusive cost of call)
</screen></para>
<para>The destination only specifies subpositions like line number. Therefore,
to be able to specify a call to another function in another source file, you
have to precede the above lines with a "cfn=" specification for the name of the
called function, and a "cfl=" specification if the function is in another
source file. The 2nd line looks like a regular cost line with the difference
that inclusive cost spent inside of the function call has to be specified.</para>
<para>Other associations are for example (conditional) jumps. See the
reference below for details.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cl-format.overview.example2" xreflabel="Extended Example">
<title>Extended Example</title>
<para>The following example shows 3 functions, <function>main</function>,
<function>func1</function>, and <function>func2</function>. Function
<function>main</function> calls <function>func1</function> once and
<function>func2</function> 3 times. <function>func1</function> calls
<function>func2</function> 2 times.
<screen>events: Instructions
fl=file1.c
fn=main
16 20
cfn=func1
calls=1 50
16 400
cfl=file2.c
cfn=func2
calls=3 20
16 400
fn=func1
51 100
cfl=file2.c
cfn=func2
calls=2 20
51 300
fl=file2.c
fn=func2
20 700</screen></para>
<para>One can see that in <function>main</function> only code from line 16
is executed where also the other functions are called. Inclusive cost of
<function>main</function> is 820, which is the sum of self cost 20 and costs
spent in the calls: 400 for the single call to <function>func1</function>
and 400 as sum for the three calls to <function>func2</function>.</para>
<para>Function <function>func1</function> is located in
<filename>file1.c</filename>, the same as <function>main</function>.
Therefore, a "cfl=" specification for the call to <function>func1</function>
is not needed. The function <function>func1</function> only consists of code
at line 51 of <filename>file1.c</filename>, where <function>func2</function>
is called.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cl-format.overview.compression1" xreflabel="Name Compression">
<title>Name Compression</title>
<para>With the introduction of association specifications like calls it is
needed to specify the same function or same file name multiple times. As
absolute filenames or symbol names in C++ can be quite long, it is advantageous
to be able to specify integer IDs for position specifications.
Here, the term "position" corresponds to a file name (source or object file)
or function name.</para>
<para>To support name compression, a position specification can be not only of
the format "spec=name", but also "spec=(ID) name" to specify a mapping of an
integer ID to a name, and "spec=(ID)" to reference a previously defined ID
mapping. There is a separate ID mapping for each position specification,
i.e. you can use ID 1 for both a file name and a symbol name.</para>
<para>With string compression, the example from 1.4 looks like this:
<screen>events: Instructions
fl=(1) file1.c
fn=(1) main
16 20
cfn=(2) func1
calls=1 50
16 400
cfl=(2) file2.c
cfn=(3) func2
calls=3 20
16 400
fn=(2)
51 100
cfl=(2)
cfn=(3)
calls=2 20
51 300
fl=(2)
fn=(3)
20 700</screen></para>
<para>As position specifications carry no information themselves, but only change
the meaning of subsequent cost lines or associations, they can appear
everywhere in the file without any negative consequence. Especially, you can
define name compression mappings directly after the header, and before any cost
lines. Thus, the above example can also be written as
<screen>events: Instructions
# define file ID mapping
fl=(1) file1.c
fl=(2) file2.c
# define function ID mapping
fn=(1) main
fn=(2) func1
fn=(3) func2
fl=(1)
fn=(1)
16 20
...</screen></para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cl-format.overview.compression2" xreflabel="Subposition Compression">
<title>Subposition Compression</title>
<para>If a Callgrind data file should hold costs for each assembler instruction
of a program, you specify subposition "instr" in the "positions:" header line,
and each cost line has to include the address of some instruction. Addresses
are allowed to have a size of 64 bits to support 64-bit architectures. Thus,
repeating similar, long addresses for almost every line in the data file can
enlarge the file size quite significantly, and
motivates for subposition compression: instead of every cost line starting with
a 16 character long address, one is allowed to specify relative addresses.
This relative specification is not only allowed for instruction addresses, but
also for line numbers; both addresses and line numbers are called "subpositions".</para>
<para>A relative subposition always is based on the corresponding subposition
of the last cost line, and starts with a "+" to specify a positive difference,
a "-" to specify a negative difference, or consists of "*" to specify the same
subposition. Because absolute subpositions always are positive (ie. never
prefixed by "-"), any relative specification is non-ambiguous; additionally,
absolute and relative subposition specifications can be mixed freely.
Assume the following example (subpositions can always be specified
as hexadecimal numbers, beginning with "0x"):
<screen>positions: instr line
events: ticks
fn=func
0x80001234 90 1
0x80001237 90 5
0x80001238 91 6</screen></para>
<para>With subposition compression, this looks like
<screen>positions: instr line
events: ticks
fn=func
0x80001234 90 1
+3 * 5
+1 +1 6</screen></para>
<para>Remark: For assembler annotation to work, instruction addresses have to
be corrected to correspond to addresses found in the original binary. I.e. for
relocatable shared objects, often a load offset has to be subtracted.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cl-format.overview.misc" xreflabel="Miscellaneous">
<title>Miscellaneous</title>
<sect3 id="cl-format.overview.misc.summary" xreflabel="Cost Summary Information">
<title>Cost Summary Information</title>
<para>For the visualization to be able to show cost percentage, a sum of the
cost of the full run has to be known. Usually, it is assumed that this is the
sum of all cost lines in a file. But sometimes, this is not correct. Thus, you
can specify a "summary:" line in the header giving the full cost for the
profile run. This has another effect: a import filter can show a progress bar
while loading a large data file if he knows to cost sum in advance.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="cl-format.overview.misc.events" xreflabel="Long Names for Event Types and inherited Types">
<title>Long Names for Event Types and inherited Types</title>
<para>Event types for cost lines are specified in the "events:" line with an
abbreviated name. For visualization, it makes sense to be able to specify some
longer, more descriptive name. For an event type "Ir" which means "Instruction
Fetches", this can be specified the header line
<screen>event: Ir : Instruction Fetches
events: Ir Dr</screen></para>
<para>In this example, "Dr" itself has no long name associated. The order of
"event:" lines and the "events:" line is of no importance. Additionally,
inherited event types can be introduced for which no raw data is available, but
which are calculated from given types. Suppose the last example, you could add
<screen>event: Sum = Ir + Dr</screen>
to specify an additional event type "Sum", which is calculated by adding costs
for "Ir and "Dr".</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="cl-format.reference" xreflabel="Reference">
<title>Reference</title>
<sect2 id="cl-format.reference.grammar" xreflabel="Grammar">
<title>Grammar</title>
<para>
<screen>ProfileDataFile := FormatVersion? Creator? PartData*</screen>
<screen>FormatVersion := "version:" Space* Number "\n"</screen>
<screen>Creator := "creator:" NoNewLineChar* "\n"</screen>
<screen>PartData := (HeaderLine "\n")+ (BodyLine "\n")+</screen>
<screen>HeaderLine := (empty line)
| ('#' NoNewLineChar*)
| PartDetail
| Description
| EventSpecification
| CostLineDef</screen>
<screen>PartDetail := TargetCommand | TargetID</screen>
<screen>TargetCommand := "cmd:" Space* NoNewLineChar*</screen>
<screen>TargetID := ("pid"|"thread"|"part") ":" Space* Number</screen>
<screen>Description := "desc:" Space* Name Space* ":" NoNewLineChar*</screen>
<screen>EventSpecification := "event:" Space* Name InheritedDef? LongNameDef?</screen>
<screen>InheritedDef := "=" InheritedExpr</screen>
<screen>InheritedExpr := Name
| Number Space* ("*" Space*)? Name
| InheritedExpr Space* "+" Space* InheritedExpr</screen>
<screen>LongNameDef := ":" NoNewLineChar*</screen>
<screen>CostLineDef := "events:" Space* Name (Space+ Name)*
| "positions:" "instr"? (Space+ "line")?</screen>
<screen>BodyLine := (empty line)
| ('#' NoNewLineChar*)
| CostLine
| PositionSpecification
| AssociationSpecification</screen>
<screen>CostLine := SubPositionList Costs?</screen>
<screen>SubPositionList := (SubPosition+ Space+)+</screen>
<screen>SubPosition := Number | "+" Number | "-" Number | "*"</screen>
<screen>Costs := (Number Space+)+</screen>
<screen>PositionSpecification := Position "=" Space* PositionName</screen>
<screen>Position := CostPosition | CalledPosition</screen>
<screen>CostPosition := "ob" | "fl" | "fi" | "fe" | "fn"</screen>
<screen>CalledPosition := " "cob" | "cfl" | "cfn"</screen>
<screen>PositionName := ( "(" Number ")" )? (Space* NoNewLineChar* )?</screen>
<screen>AssociationSpecification := CallSpecification
| JumpSpecification</screen>
<screen>CallSpecification := CallLine "\n" CostLine</screen>
<screen>CallLine := "calls=" Space* Number Space+ SubPositionList</screen>
<screen>JumpSpecification := ...</screen>
<screen>Space := " " | "\t"</screen>
<screen>Number := HexNumber | (Digit)+</screen>
<screen>Digit := "0" | ... | "9"</screen>
<screen>HexNumber := "0x" (Digit | HexChar)+</screen>
<screen>HexChar := "a" | ... | "f" | "A" | ... | "F"</screen>
<screen>Name = Alpha (Digit | Alpha)*</screen>
<screen>Alpha = "a" | ... | "z" | "A" | ... | "Z"</screen>
<screen>NoNewLineChar := all characters without "\n"</screen>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cl-format.reference.header" xreflabel="Description of Header Lines">
<title>Description of Header Lines</title>
<para>The header has an arbitrary number of lines of the format
"key: value". Possible <emphasis>key</emphasis> values for the header are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>version: number</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>This is used to distinguish future profile data formats. A
major version of 0 or 1 is supposed to be upwards compatible with
Cachegrind's format. It is optional; if not appearing, version 1
is supposed. Otherwise, this has to be the first header line.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>pid: process id</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>This specifies the process ID of the supervised application
for which this profile was generated.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>cmd: program name + args</computeroutput> [Cachegrind]</para>
<para>This specifies the full command line of the supervised
application for which this profile was generated.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>part: number</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>This specifies a sequentially incremented number for each dump
generated, starting at 1.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>desc: type: value</computeroutput> [Cachegrind]</para>
<para>This specifies various information for this dump. For some
types, the semantic is defined, but any description type is allowed.
Unknown types should be ignored.</para>
<para>There are the types "I1 cache", "D1 cache", "LL cache", which
specify parameters used for the cache simulator. These are the only
types originally used by Cachegrind. Additionally, Callgrind uses
the following types: "Timerange" gives a rough range of the basic
block counter, for which the cost of this dump was collected.
Type "Trigger" states the reason of why this trace was generated.
E.g. program termination or forced interactive dump.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>positions: [instr] [line]</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>For cost lines, this defines the semantic of the first numbers.
Any combination of "instr", "bb" and "line" is allowed, but has to be
in this order which corresponds to position numbers at the start of
the cost lines later in the file.</para>
<para>If "instr" is specified, the position is the address of an
instruction whose execution raised the events given later on the
line. This address is relative to the offset of the binary/shared
library file to not have to specify relocation info. For "line",
the position is the line number of a source file, which is
responsible for the events raised. Note that the mapping of "instr"
and "line" positions are given by the debugging line information
produced by the compiler.</para>
<para>This field is optional. If not specified, "line" is supposed
only.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>events: event type abbreviations</computeroutput> [Cachegrind]</para>
<para>A list of short names of the event types logged in this file.
The order is the same as in cost lines. The first event type is the
second or third number in a cost line, depending on the value of
"positions". Callgrind does not add additional cost types. Specify
exactly once.</para>
<para>Cost types from original Cachegrind are:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><command>Ir</command>: Instruction read access</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><command>I1mr</command>: Instruction Level 1 read cache miss</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><command>ILmr</command>: Instruction last-level read cache miss</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>...</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>summary: costs</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para><computeroutput>totals: costs</computeroutput> [Cachegrind]</para>
<para>The value or the total number of events covered by this trace
file. Both keys have the same meaning, but the "totals:" line
happens to be at the end of the file, while "summary:" appears in
the header. This was added to allow postprocessing tools to know
in advance to total cost. The two lines always give the same cost
counts.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="cl-format.reference.body" xreflabel="Description of Body Lines">
<title>Description of Body Lines</title>
<para>There exist lines
<computeroutput>spec=position</computeroutput>. The values for position
specifications are arbitrary strings. When starting with "(" and a
digit, it's a string in compressed format. Otherwise it's the real
position string. This allows for file and symbol names as position
strings, as these never start with "(" + <emphasis>digit</emphasis>.
The compressed format is either "(" <emphasis>number</emphasis> ")"
<emphasis>space</emphasis> <emphasis>position</emphasis> or only
"(" <emphasis>number</emphasis> ")". The first relates
<emphasis>position</emphasis> to <emphasis>number</emphasis> in the
context of the given format specification from this line to the end of
the file; it makes the (<emphasis>number</emphasis>) an alias for
<emphasis>position</emphasis>. Compressed format is always
optional.</para>
<para>Position specifications allowed:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>ob=</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>The ELF object where the cost of next cost lines happens.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>fl=</computeroutput> [Cachegrind]</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>fi=</computeroutput> [Cachegrind]</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>fe=</computeroutput> [Cachegrind]</para>
<para>The source file including the code which is responsible for
the cost of next cost lines. "fi="/"fe=" is used when the source
file changes inside of a function, i.e. for inlined code.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>fn=</computeroutput> [Cachegrind]</para>
<para>The name of the function where the cost of next cost lines
happens.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>cob=</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>The ELF object of the target of the next call cost lines.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>cfl=</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>The source file including the code of the target of the
next call cost lines.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>cfn=</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>The name of the target function of the next call cost
lines.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>calls=</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>The number of nonrecursive calls which are responsible for the
cost specified by the next call cost line. This is the cost spent
inside of the called function.</para>
<para>After "calls=" there MUST be a cost line. This is the cost
spent in the called function. The first number is the source line
from where the call happened.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>jump=count target position</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>Unconditional jump, executed count times, to the given target
position.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><computeroutput>jcnd=exe.count jumpcount target position</computeroutput> [Callgrind]</para>
<para>Conditional jump, executed exe.count times with jumpcount
jumps to the given target position.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>